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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the final product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

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2
Q

how many reduced NAD are made in glycolysis

A

2

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3
Q

what time of molecule is NAD+

A

coenzyme

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4
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

where does the link reaction occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

link reaction equation

A

pyruvate + NAD -> acetate (reduced NAD and CO2) + coenzyme a -> acetyl CoA

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7
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

role of the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation

A

to provide energy to pump H+ across

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9
Q

products of the krebs cycle

A

1 ATP
3 NADH+
1 FADH+
2 CO2

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10
Q

what process is ATP synthase involved in

A

chemiosmosis

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11
Q

describe chemiosmosis

A

where protons are pumped through the ETC to create a proton gradient, H+ then diffuse down the gradient through ATP synthase a stalked enzyme

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12
Q

role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A

final electron acceptor

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13
Q

how much atp is generated from aerobic respiration

A

38

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14
Q

what’s the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate

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15
Q

products of anaerobic respiration

A

lactate and NAD

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16
Q

final acceptor in plant anaerobic respiration

A

ethanal

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17
Q

products of plant anaerobic respiration

A

ethanol and NAD

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18
Q

how to adapt a respirometer for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A
  • measure co2 release
  • prevent oxygen entering by covering in oil
  • give supply of glucose
  • remove soda lime
19
Q

name 3 photosynthetic pigments

A

chorophyll a, b and carotene

20
Q

what is an accessory pigment

A

molecule that absorbs light and passes it onto chlorophyll a

21
Q

structure of chlorophyll

A

hydrophilic ring head with magnesium and hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail

22
Q

what does the absorption spectra show

A

the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths by different pigments

23
Q

what does an action spectra show

A

the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

24
Q

absorption and action have similar graphs what does this show?

A

light is trapped by pigments, pigments are needed for photosynthesis

25
Q

where does the light dependent stage occur

A

thylakoid membrane

26
Q

where does the light independent stage occur

A

stroma

27
Q

structure of a photo system

A

funnel shape with chlorophyll as the reaction centre

28
Q

role of membranes in photosynthesis

A
  • have electron carriers for an etc
  • helps set up an electrochemical gradient for chemiosmosis
  • have photosystems and atp synthase embedded
29
Q

what is photolysis

A

splitting of water using light

30
Q

what happens after electrons are excited in photosynthesis?

A

leave photosystem II, pass down an ETC generating energy to pump h+ across the gradient and enter photosystem I

31
Q

what happens to H+ from photolysis?

A

reduced NADP

32
Q

what happens to electrons from photolysis

A

replace lost electrons in photosystem II

33
Q

what do electrons do in non cyclic photophosphorylation

A

the reduce NADP

34
Q

products of light dependent reaction

A

ATP and reduced NADP

35
Q

what enzyme catalysed carbon fixation in LIR

A

rubisco

36
Q

acceptor molecule in the carbon cycle

A

ribulose biphosphate

37
Q

products of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle

A

2 glycerate 3 phosphate
3 carbon molecule

38
Q

what do reduced GP form

A

GALP

39
Q

2 uses of GALP

A
  • regenerate ribulose biphosphate
  • convert to glucose, amino or fatty acids
40
Q

role of ATP in the calvin cycle

A

reduce GP

41
Q

role of reduced NADP in calvin cycle

A

oxidised to provide H+ and electrons for GP reduction

42
Q

why is the LIS not fully independent?

A

still requires products from the dependent stage

43
Q

fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions

A
  • transported to matrix
  • link oxidises to form nadh + h+
  • co2 removed
  • molecule combines with acetyl coa to form coenzyme a
44
Q

role of the krebs cycle

A
  • to oxidise acetyl coa
  • to release energy
  • generates atp and allows oxidative phosphorylation to take place
  • produces nadh and fadh

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