respiration Flashcards
what is the final product of glycolysis
pyruvate
how many reduced NAD are made in glycolysis
2
what time of molecule is NAD+
coenzyme
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
where does the link reaction occur
mitochondrial matrix
link reaction equation
pyruvate + NAD -> acetate (reduced NAD and CO2) + coenzyme a -> acetyl CoA
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
across the inner mitochondrial membrane
role of the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation
to provide energy to pump H+ across
products of the krebs cycle
1 ATP
3 NADH+
1 FADH+
2 CO2
what process is ATP synthase involved in
chemiosmosis
describe chemiosmosis
where protons are pumped through the ETC to create a proton gradient, H+ then diffuse down the gradient through ATP synthase a stalked enzyme
role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation
final electron acceptor
how much atp is generated from aerobic respiration
38
what’s the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration
pyruvate
products of anaerobic respiration
lactate and NAD
final acceptor in plant anaerobic respiration
ethanal
products of plant anaerobic respiration
ethanol and NAD
how to adapt a respirometer for anaerobic respiration in yeast
- measure co2 release
- prevent oxygen entering by covering in oil
- give supply of glucose
- remove soda lime
name 3 photosynthetic pigments
chorophyll a, b and carotene
what is an accessory pigment
molecule that absorbs light and passes it onto chlorophyll a
structure of chlorophyll
hydrophilic ring head with magnesium and hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
what does the absorption spectra show
the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths by different pigments
what does an action spectra show
the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light
absorption and action have similar graphs what does this show?
light is trapped by pigments, pigments are needed for photosynthesis
where does the light dependent stage occur
thylakoid membrane
where does the light independent stage occur
stroma
structure of a photo system
funnel shape with chlorophyll as the reaction centre
role of membranes in photosynthesis
- have electron carriers for an etc
- helps set up an electrochemical gradient for chemiosmosis
- have photosystems and atp synthase embedded
what is photolysis
splitting of water using light
what happens after electrons are excited in photosynthesis?
leave photosystem II, pass down an ETC generating energy to pump h+ across the gradient and enter photosystem I
what happens to H+ from photolysis?
reduced NADP
what happens to electrons from photolysis
replace lost electrons in photosystem II
what do electrons do in non cyclic photophosphorylation
the reduce NADP
products of light dependent reaction
ATP and reduced NADP
what enzyme catalysed carbon fixation in LIR
rubisco
acceptor molecule in the carbon cycle
ribulose biphosphate
products of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
2 glycerate 3 phosphate
3 carbon molecule
what do reduced GP form
GALP
2 uses of GALP
- regenerate ribulose biphosphate
- convert to glucose, amino or fatty acids
role of ATP in the calvin cycle
reduce GP
role of reduced NADP in calvin cycle
oxidised to provide H+ and electrons for GP reduction
why is the LIS not fully independent?
still requires products from the dependent stage
fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions
- transported to matrix
- link oxidises to form nadh + h+
- co2 removed
- molecule combines with acetyl coa to form coenzyme a
role of the krebs cycle
- to oxidise acetyl coa
- to release energy
- generates atp and allows oxidative phosphorylation to take place
- produces nadh and fadh
