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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what number carbons connect to make maltose?

A

1,4

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2
Q

what type of glucose makes starch?

A

alpha

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3
Q

is amylose or amylopectin branched

A

amylopectin

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4
Q

why is amylopectin good for storage?

A

structure makes it compact, insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential

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5
Q

which cell structures contain starch?

A

amyloplasts

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6
Q

which glucose is found in cellulose?

A

beta

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7
Q

what number bonds join glucose in cellulose?

A

1,4

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8
Q

how is glucose arranged in cellulose

A

every other molecule is flipped 180°

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9
Q

what are bacteria cells made of

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

what is a microfibril

A

a group of many cellulose chains

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11
Q

what is a property of cellulose

A

tensile strength

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12
Q

where is glycogen stored in animals?

A

liver and muscle

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13
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

branched

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14
Q

what is used for the reducing sugars test

A

benedict’s

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15
Q

what colour shows a reducing sugar?

A

brick red

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16
Q

where are amino acids joined together?

A

by their carboxyl and amino groups

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17
Q

where are secondary and tertiary structures folded?

A

in the rough ER

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18
Q

which R groups are arranged outside of a globular protein?

A

hydrophilic

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19
Q

2 examples of globular proteins

A

haemoglobin and enzymes

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20
Q

what protein structure does collagen have?

A

quaternary

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21
Q

what are proteins with prosthetic groups called?

A

conjugated proteins

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22
Q

what is used to test for proteins?

A

biurets

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23
Q

what shows a positive result for proteins

A

lilac

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24
Q

why is it important that ice floats on water?

A

creates insulation

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25
Q

what would happen to organisms in water that was over 45°?

A

their enzymes would denature

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26
Q

why does it take so much energy to raise water temperature?

A

many hydrogen bonds to break so they can gain kinetic energy

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27
Q

why does water need a stable temperature?

A

enzymes are very sensitive to temperature change

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28
Q

why is it an advantage that water is polar?

A

can dissolve other polar molecules making it a good transport medium

29
Q

how does adhesion and cohesion support water in the xylem?

A

cohesion keeps a continuous stream of water, adhesion stops water travelling back down the xylem

30
Q

which type of fatty acids have carbon double bonds?

A

unsaturated

31
Q

which fatty acid have a lower melting point?

A

unsaturated

32
Q

how can water pass a plasma membrane

A

inbetween bilayer or facilitated diffusion

33
Q

why can’t sodium and potassium ions pass through the bilayer?

A

they’re charged

34
Q

what is the role of magnesium ions in plants?

A

to make chlorophyll

35
Q

two uses of phosphate in cells

A

to make nucleic acids and atp

36
Q

what is the role of the phospholipid bilayer in membranes?

A

to prevent entry of water soluble substances

37
Q

what is the role of glycoproteins

A

cell signalling and recognition

38
Q

what role do calcium ions play in plants and animals

A

blood clotting, muscle contractions and the middle lamella for plant division

39
Q

does water move towards a pure or impure solution?

A

impure

40
Q

what happens to plant cells in low water potentials?

A

plasmolysis - shrinks

41
Q

explain the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

deoxyribose has no oxygen on c2

42
Q

how many water molecules are produced when a nucleotide forms?

A

two

43
Q

what bond connects nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

44
Q

what reaction joins nucleotides

A

condensation

45
Q

3 differences between DNA and RNA

A

dna is double stranded, has thymine and deoxyribose
rna is single stranded, has uracil and ribose

46
Q

how many H bonds form between GC and AT

A

GC - triple h
AT - double h

47
Q

role of dna helicase

A

breaks h binds to unzip dna strands

48
Q

role of dna polymerase

A

attracts free dna nucleotides and forms phosphodiester bonds, checks for errors

49
Q

role of dna ligase

A

joins the dna fragments on the lagging strand to form a phosphodiester backbone

50
Q

why is dna replication necessary?

A

for mitosis

51
Q

which strand acts as a template for protein synthesis

A

antisense

52
Q

what’s the structure of mRNA?

A

single stranded, A U G C, smaller than DNA

53
Q

what’s the structure of tRNA?

A

single stranded, clover leaf shape held by h bonds, one end has the amino acid binding site, the other has the anti codon loop where it pairs with mRNA codons

54
Q

how are amino acids activated?

A

it binds to tRNA binding site

55
Q

what’s the difference between introns and exons?

A

introns are non coding, exons are coding

56
Q

when does editing occur in protein synthesis

A

between transcription and translation to create mRNA from pre mRNA

57
Q

how can splicing created different polypeptides from the same gene?

A

exons can be rearranged in many orders to creat slightly different proteins

58
Q

what is a mutagen

A

something that can cause mutations in DNA (e.g radiation)

59
Q

structure of enzymes

A
  • globular proteins
  • active site
  • hydrophilic r groups outside and have many small r groups
60
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fats

A

saturated - no double bonds between individual carbons
unsaturated- at least one double bond in the chain

61
Q

how to identify a lipid

A

fatty acids have a carboxyl group
cooh

62
Q

what are the two types of cholesterol

A

LDLs (low density liposuction) - increase risk of heart disease/atherosclerosis
HDLs (high d) - transports LDLs to liver to be broken down

63
Q

why are triglycerides good for storage

A
  • store more energy per gram (than proteins/carbs)
  • high carbon + hydrogen content
  • contains no water
64
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A
  • esterification
  • when OH from glycerol bonds with COOH of fatty acid
  • each bond formed releases one H2O
  • leaving COO
65
Q

formula for ribose

A

C5 H10 O5

66
Q

comparing hds and ldls

A
  • hdls are smaller, can be stored
  • ldls stay in bloodstream
  • hdls have more protein
67
Q

translation process

A
  • ribosome attached to mrna start codon with specific amino acid
  • moved to next codon - 2 at a time and attaches
  • ribosome catalyses condensation between aminos and joins with peptide bond
  • forms polypeptide until stop codon, unattaches and leaves
68
Q

sickle cell anaemia

A

valine replaced by glu

69
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • point mutation valine to glutamic acid
  • haemoglobin is inverted, carries less 02
  • can block vessels and cause pain and swelling

biology (12 decks)

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