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Treatment Test > Respiraotry > Flashcards

Respiraotry Flashcards

1
Q

Kussmual breathing

A

Rapid, deep, no pause

Common cause: diabetic ketoacidosis

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2
Q

Cheyene stokes breathing (chain-sdeuks)

A

Change period o deep and shallow breathing. Pause after big ventilation, then back to apnea

Cause: slow blood glow to brainstem-> reduce impulse to breath

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3
Q

Respiratory failure definition

A

Lung can’t meet body’s metabolic needs (lack of tissue O2, or failure of CO2 hemostasis)

PaO2: < 60mmHg
PaCO2> 50mmHg

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4
Q

Atelactasis

A

Alveoli collapse

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5
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension

Physio

A

Pressure in capillary can push the fluid into interstitial space and into alveoli.

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6
Q

Diffuse infiltrates on CXR

A

Pulmonary edema (cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic)
Interstitial pneu,otitis or fibrosis
Infections

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7
Q

V/Q

A

Normal is 0.8

High: blood clot: pulmonary embolus
Low: lung problem: common is asthma

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8
Q

Emphysema

Physio

A

Reduced elastic recoil

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9
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation
Bronchial wall thickening
Mucus production

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10
Q

Restrictive lung disease

Physio

A

Increase elastance, reduced compliance (not as stretchy)

Chronic: inflammation & fibrosis

Acute: exudate and edema

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11
Q

Cause of pulmonary edema

A

Increased pressure: diuretic, vasodilator, O2

Increased capillary permeability: remove offending agent, O2.

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12
Q

Pneumonia’s treatment

A

If bacterial: abx
If viral: supportive therapy alone

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13
Q

ABG value

PH
PaCO2
PaO2
HCO3

Normal value
Indication
HCO3 equation

A

PH: acid base
PaCO2: ventilation
PaO2: oxygenation
HCO3: metabolism

CO2+ H2O–> H2CO3–> H+. + HCO3-

HCO3- is regulated by kidney

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14
Q

Difference between PAO2 vs PaO2

A

A: alveolar O2

A: arterial O2

Normal A-a: 5-10mmHg
If A-a>10?– V/Q dismatch

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15
Q

Acidemia vs acidosis

A

Academic: low PH

Acidosis: process of becoming low PH

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16
Q

Steps in acidic/ alkalosis analysis

A
  1. Check PH
  2. HCO3-: high: metabolic
    3: PaCO2: high: respiratory
17
Q

What is anion gap
Elevated anion gap

A

Anion gaps is used to distinguish different types of metabolic acidosis; measure of sum of Na & K concentrations and sum of HCO3- & Cl- concentration

High anion gap (>11mEq/L) usually is diabetic ketoacidosis

18
Q

Base in blood

A

We don’t usually care about base excess
It changes the same direction as HCO3-

19
Q

Upper respiratory infection includes

A

Nasophargitis
Pharyngitis
Rhinosinusitis
Epiglottis
Laryngotracheitis

20
Q

Whooping cough’s S&S

A
  1. More common in children
  2. Episodic cough: paroxysm阵发性,often worse at night
  3. Whoop sound
21
Q

COPD key feature
Physio

A

Chronic progressive airflow limitation

Cause of COPD:
1. Severe respiratory infection as a child
2. Smoking
3. Air pollutants
4. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

22
Q

Types of respiratory failure

A

Type 1: low O2: PaO2< 60mmHg+ normal or low PaCO2+ normal or high PH (means: good ventilation, disease interferes pulmonary O2 exchange)

Type 2: high CO2: PaCO2>50mmHg (usually acidic. Know that renal compensation takes days and weeks)

23
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Affect beta-2 receptor (located at lungs): cause bronchial smooth muscle relax–> so dilate

Beta 1 receptor is in heart: so if you use non selective beta agonist, it will affect both

*Bronchodilator: beta 2 agonist, anticholinergic, theophylline, leukotriene inhibitor, corticosteroid

Beta 2 agonist:
1. Short acting: SABA: albuterol
2. Long acting: LABA: salmeterol

Anticholinergic: block parasympathic (cause bronchoconstriction) (relax–> constriction; fight: breath more): atropine, ipratropium

Theophylline: prevent bronchospasm & help diaphragm contraction for COPD pts (how it works is unknown)

Leukotriene inhibitor: control chronic inflammation associated with allergy & asthma: help with inflamamtion, airway edema, smooth muscle constriction

24
Q

Common cold

S&S
Treatment

A

Rhinorrhea, cough, sore throat

Treatment: symptom control
–fever or sore throat: antipyretic & analgesic
–rhinorrhea: antihistamines
–nasal obstruction: decongestants
–cough: antittusive & expectorants

25
Q

How does antitussive works

A

Peripheral: numb stretch receptor in bronchi & alveoli: cause when use

Central acting: target medulla: codein

26
Q

Expectorants

A

Decrease thickness & surface tension of repository secretions: turn a dry cough into a productive cough

cannot reduce cough
When take this drug, drink enough water

27
Q

Orthopnea

(O’ thopnia)

A

Breathing difficulty when lying flat

28
Q

Wake up at night gasping for air & must sit up or stand to relief dyspnea

A

Partoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

29
Q

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia: low O2 of cells in tissue

Hypoxemia: low O2 in arterial blood

30
Q

Stridor

A

High pitch sound when inhale

31
Q

CURB 65

A

Assess severity of PNE

> =2 send to hospital

Treatment Test (14 decks)

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