respi patho Flashcards
- Infective rhinitis is _____ in origin and _____ ______ of surface epithelial cells results in _______ of ______ and ______ from the damaged surface
- submucosal oedema produces _______ and _______ ________
- viral infection of URT may spread to _____
- Infective rhinitis is viral in origin and viral necrosis of surface epithelial cells results in exudation of fluid and mucus from the damaged surface
- submucosal oedema produces swelling and nasal polyps
- viral infection of URT may spread to LRT
What is the microscopy of nasal polyps?
localised outgrowths of lamina propria due to accumulation of oedema fluid, inflammation and fibroblast proliferation
what are the benign tumours of the nose and paranasal sinus?
- squamous papilloma of the nasal vestibule
- sinonasal papilloma aka schneiderian papilloma
what are the malignant tumours of the nose and paranasal sinuses?
- squamous cell carcinoma (most common)
- adenocarcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma
- malignant melanoma
what is juvenile angiofibroma?
- rare tumour in male adolescent
- benign, grows rapidly
- frequently ulcerates and present with bleeding
what is observed in non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
tumour is poorly differentiated and intermingled lymphocytes among carcinoma cells
what is observed in keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
intercellular bodies
bright pink cytoplasm
keratin formation
what are the main risk factors for NPC?
- ebv infection at young age
- salt preserved food
- family history
what are the symptoms of NPC?
tumour is an obstruction to eustachian tube -> secretory otitis media -> hearing loss and tinnitus
- increased diplopia due to invasion of 6th cranial nerve
- increased nasal obstruction
- increased metastasis to cervical lymph nodes
for epstein barr virus, infection in ______ is more symptomatic. what are the symptoms?
adolescents;
infectious mononucleosis and glandular fever
what does EBV infect?
nasopharyngeal epithelium and tonsillar b lymphocytes
EBV can lead to…
NPC
what is the link between EBV and NPC?
patients with NPC will have elevated antibody titres against EBV viral antigens
which childhood diseases have been largely eradicated by vaccination?
diphtheria and measles
what is respiratory failure? what are the main symptoms?
inadequate gas exchange due to dysfunction of one or more essential components of the respiratory system -> inability to maintain O2 and CO2 levels at normal levels
main symptoms: breathlessness, consequences of hypoxia
long-standing hypoxia results in:
- pulmonary hypertension and secondary right heart strain
- polycythaemia due to stimulation of erythropoietin release from kidney
what is type 1 respiratory failure?
hypoxaemia without hypercapnia
what is type 2 respiratory failure?
hypoxaemia with hypercapnia
pulmonary oedema is caused by?
pulmonary capillary congestion due to left heart failure
what occurs during pulmonary oedema?
- increased fluid in alveolar wall will lead to increased fluid in alveolar spaces
- capillary rupture will lead to leakage of RBCs into interstitium -> RBCs will be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages aka heart failure cells aka hemosiderin ladden macrophages in alveolar spaces
what are some causes of pulmonary hypertension?
- secondary to left heart disease
- left to right shunts
- chronic lung disease
- sequelae of pulmonary emboli
- unknown cause
sustained increased pulmonary arterial pressure will lead to…
- irreversible structural changes in pulmonary arteries
- medial hypertrophy in muscular arteries -> narrowing/occlusion -> reduced CSA -> further increases pressure
what is cor pulmonale?
- heart failure secondary to lung disease
- long term need to pump at higher pressures eventually causes right heart to fail
what is atelectasis?
collapse of lungs
(inadequate lung expansion -> loss of lung volume)
causes of atelectasis
- resorption atelectasis: airway obstruction
- compression atelectasis: air or fluid in pleural space with compression of lung
- contraction atelectasis: scarring of lung; loss of normal surfactant
what is pneumonia
infective inflammation
what is seen on x-ray in pneumonia?
consolidation of lung (filling of air spaces by inflammatory exudate)