diseases of the heart valves, pericardium and congenital heart disease Flashcards
What is stenosis of valves?
Failure of valves to open completely -> prevent forward flow
What is insufficiency of valves?
Failure of valves to close completely -> allow reverse flow
Some causes of valve stenosis?
- post inflammatory scarring eg rheumatic heart disease
- calcification
- congenital
Some causes of valve insufficiency?
- post inflammatory scarring eg rheumatic heart disease
- developmental eg Marfan’s
- degenerative eg Myxomatous degeneration
- infectious eg. syphilis, IE
Rules of valvular heart disease
- stenosis and insufficiency can occur at the same time
- more than 1 valve can be affected
- usually left sided valve affected
- structurally abnormal valve is at a higher risk
What are the 4 important valvular heart disease?
- Aortic valve calcification
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Infective endocarditis
What is aortic valve calcification?
Aortic stenosis caused by calcification due to age associated degeneration
What is mitral valve prolapse?
Myxoid degeneration of valvular cusps -> becomes thickened and rubbery
Ballooning of valvular cusps into left atrium -> loss of collagen and elastic tissue
results in Mitral Regurgitation
What are some examples of structurally abnormal valves?
- congenital bicuspid aortic valve
- valves damaged by RHD
- prosthetic valves
What is Rheumatic Fever?
- abnormal immune response to group A streptococcal antigens that cross react with host proteins following pharyngitis
- diagnosed by Jones criteria
- can cause rheumatic heart disease
What is acute rheumatic heart disease?
inflammation affecting all 3 layers of the heart aka pancarditis (includes pericarditis & myocarditis)
What are some macroscopic findings seen in acute rheumatic heart disease?
Aschoff’s bodies with caterpillar cells
T lymphocytes
plasma cells
What is the gross finding seen in acute rheumatic heart disease?
Small vegetations (masses) called verrucae formed by antibody complexes
What is seen in chronic rheumatic heart disease?
Fish mouth stenosis
Which valve is commonly affected in chronic rheumatic heart disease?
Mitral valve
What are the common valves involved in IE?
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve
-> vegetations form in IE