Respi (Part 3) Flashcards
The body’s predisposition to develop an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to exposure to environmental allergens
Atopy
Long-term medications for asthma
Inhaled corticosteroids
Long-acting beta2-agonists
Leukotriene modifiers
Quick relief to asthma
short-acting beta2agonists
can help patients who have difficulty with inhaler use and can reduce potential for adverse effects from medication.
Spacers
Machine produces a mist of the medication
Nebulizer
_____ is an infection of the lungs .
Pneumonia
The most common type of bacterial pneumonia is called
pneumococcal pneumonia
Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by the ______ germ
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacterial pneumonia often affects just one part, or lobe, of a lung. When this happens it is called,
lobar pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila, which causes a dangerous form of pneumonia called
Legionnaire’s disease.
the most common cause of viral pneumonia in young children.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
is a serious fungal infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystis pneumonia
This fungus is found in Southern California and the desert Southwest. It is the cause of valley fever.
Coccidioidomycosis
This fungus is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys.
Histoplasmosis
This fungus is found throughout the United States in bird droppings and soil contaminated with bird droppings.
Cryptococcus
TRUE OR FALSE: Pneumonia caused by fungi are not contagious
TRUE
type of pneumonia: is when someone develops pneumonia in the community
Community-acquired pneumonia
type of pneumonia: when someone develops pneumonia during or following a stay in a healthcare setting. Healthcare settings include hospitals, long-term care facilities, and dialysis centers.
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
Type of pneumonia: when someone gets pneumonia after being on a ventilator, a machine that supports breathing.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
pulmonary consequences resulting from entry of endogenous or exogenous substances into the lower airway
Aspiration pneumonia
Causes chemical burn and inflammatory
response
Mendelson’s syndrome
a pneumonia where aportion of one or
more lobes involved
Lobar pneumonia
distributed in a patchy fashion, originating in one or more localized areas within the bronchi and extending to the adjacent surrounding lung parenchyma ; more common pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Prevention of pneumonia
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
which is the most common form, tends to be more serious than other types of pneumonia, with symptoms that require medical care.
Bacterial pneumonia
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
Asthma
Medications used to treat asthma are antiinflammatories such as
steroids
strongest predisposing factor in asthma
Allergy
TRUE OR FALSE: Asthma is more common in females
TRUE
a narrowing of the airways in the lungs triggered by strenuous exercise
Exercise-induced Asthma
patients would complain wheezing and shortness of breathing when they are in stress
Stress-induced Asthma
3 Most Common Signs and Symptoms in Asthma
Cough
Dyspnea
Wheezing
characteristic for asthma
Wheezing
TRUE OR FALSE: PaCO2 in asthma is expected to be decreased at first -lungs are trying to compensate by initially increasing the respiratory rate
TRUE: However, it will increase. Normalizing and the increase of the PaCO2 is an indication that the patient’s asthma is being aggravated or the condition of the patient is getting worse
Granulocyte increased in allergic reactions
Eosinophils
antibodies that is increased during an asthma or allergic reaction
IgE
The most accurate tests for asthma
Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
2 Classes of Asthma Medications
Quick-Relief Medications
Long-Acting Control Medications
Used during an acute asthmatic attack
Will not prevent future episodes of asthma
Quick-Relief Medications
TRUE OR FALSE: Beta-1 acts on the heart while the Beta-2 acts on the lungs
TRUE
Examples of SABA
salbutamol
albuterol
levalbuterol
Pirbuterol
Example of Anticholinergics: a Quick-relief medication
ipratropium (Atrovent)
Cannot be expected to halt an acute asthmatic attack. Only good for control or to prevent future asthmatic attack
Long-Acting Control Medications
Most potent and effective anti-inflammatory
medications for asthma: long acting
Corticosteroids
Most common oral and IV preparation of corticosteroids
prednisone, methylprednisolone
Used for long-term control of asthma. Also effective in the prevention of exerciseinduced asthma
Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA)
Examples of Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA)
Theophylline and Salmeterol & Formoterol
Used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids, mainly for relief of nighttime asthma symptoms
Theophylline
have the duration of bronchodilation of at least 12 hours
Salmeterol and Formoterol
Act by interfering leukotriene synthesis and by
blocking the receptors where leukotrienes would exert their action.
Leukotriene modifiers (inhibitors), or Antileukotrienes
Examples of Leukotriene modifiers or Antileukotrienes
Montelukast, Zafirlukast, and Zileuton
Prevent IgE from binding to high affinity receptors of basophils and mast cells
Immunomodulators
a monoclonal antibody and may be used for patients with allergies and severe persistent asthma
Omalizumab (Xolair)
Used when all other medications in asthma are
ineffective
Methylxanthines
measure the highest volume of
airflow during a forced expiration
Peak flow meters
Rapid onset of severe, and persistent asthma that does not respond to conventional therapy
Status Asthmaticus
Initial stage: respiratory alkalosis, decreased PaCO2 and decreased PaO2
Status Asthmaticus
As this worsens, Respiratory acidosis, increase PaCO2 and increase PaO2
Status Asthmaticus
The disappearance of wheezing in status asthmaticus suggests
impending respiratory failure
TRUE OR FALSE: In status asthmaticus, increasing PaCO2 - is a danger sign
TRUE
If the condition status asthmaticus is not reversed, the patient may develop
pneumothorax
cardiac/pulmonary arrest
A preventable, slowly progressive respiratory disease involving the airway, lung parenchyma, or both.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
If pt lacks Alpha-1 Antitrypsin, lung tissues will be destroyed
“Lung Destruction”
causes lysis to lungs
Trypsin
Caused by the activation of the vasoactive
substances and narrowing of the airways
Pulmonary hypertension
Types of COPD
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Abnormal distention of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli
Emphysema
Key characteristic of Emphysema
Air trapping
AKA Pink Puffer
Emphysema
2 major changes in emphysema
Loss of lung elasticity
Hyperinflation of the lung
most important environmental risk factor of emphysema
Smoking
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by chronic exposure to irritants especially tobacco smoke
Chronic bronchitis
AKA “Blue bloater”
Chronic bronchitis
Unique characteristics Color: dusky to cyanotic -
Chronic bronchitis
Most suitable O2 administration device in COPD which is
Ventura mask
Severe hypoxemia in COPD is a sign of:
impending respiratory failure
Closure or collapse of the alveoli
Atelectasis
2 kinds of atelectasis
Acute and Chronis
Kind of atelectasis: Common in post-operative setting or in people who are immobilized and have a shallow monotonous breathing pattern.
Acute atelectasis
Kind of atelectasis:Common in patients with chronic airway obstruction that impedes or blocks airflow to an area of the lung
Chronic atelectasis
Hallmarks of the severity of atelectasis:
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Mild-to moderate hypoxemia
COUGH Program in atelectasis
Incentive spirometry
Coughing and deep breathing
Oral care (brushing teeth and using mouthwash
twice a day)
Understanding (patient and staff education)
Getting out of bed at least three times daily
Head-of-bed elevation
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue, the alveolar space, or both
Pulmonary Edema
