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NCM 215A > Respi (Part 1) > Flashcards

Respi (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory tract id divided into two airways:

A

Upper airways
Lower airways

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2
Q

Acts as a viscous fluid that decreases the friction of the lungs towards the other organs of the mediastinum whenever it is expanding

A

Pleura

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3
Q

The nose humidifies and warms the inhaled air by the presence of

A

cilia

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4
Q

The nose is prone to bleeding or

A

Epistaxis

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5
Q

Projections that divide each nasal cavity

A

Turbinates

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6
Q

Three turbinates

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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7
Q

Bones that increase the mucus membrane surfaces of
the nasal passages and slightly obstruct the air flowing
through them

A

Turbinates

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8
Q

4 pairs of bony cavities that are lined with nasal
mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium that drain into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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9
Q

4 sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

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10
Q

Prominent function of sinuses

A

resonating chamber in speech

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11
Q

Common problem in sinuses

A

infection (sinusitis)

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12
Q

Passageway; a tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavity towards the larynx.

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

It is a passageway for both respiratory and digestive tract.

A

Pharynx

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14
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Link the chain of lymph nodes guarding the body from
invasion by organisms entering the mouth and throat

A

Tonsils and adenoids

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16
Q

Function: vocalization and facilitates coughing

A

Larynx (voicebox)

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17
Q

Protects the lower airway from foreign substances

A

Larynx

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18
Q

Watchdog of the lungs” - if there are any foreign
bodies that attempts to enter the airway, the _____ will act on it by facilitating coughing

A

larynx

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19
Q

Serves as a flap of cartilage that covers the
opening of the larynx during swallowing.

A

Epiglottis

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20
Q

Opening of vocal cords in the larynx

A

Glottis

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21
Q

Largest cartilage structure. Part of it will form
Adam’s apple.

A

Thyroid cartillage

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22
Q

Only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx.
Located just below thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

Only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx.
Located just below thyroid cartilage

A

Vocal cords

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24
Q

Smooth muscle, C-shaped rings of cartilage at regular intervals

A

Trachea (Windpipe)

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25
Q

Passage between the larynx and the right and left main stem bronchi. It enters the lungs through the hilus

A

Trachea (Windpipe)

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26
Q

Sponge-like elastic, cone-shaped organs. Airtight chamber

A

Lungs

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27
Q

How many lobes are there in the right lungs?

A

3

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28
Q

How many lobes are there in the left lung?

A

2: narrower and smaller

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29
Q
  • Cavity that surrounds the lungs
A

Pleura

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30
Q

Lubricates the thorax and the lungs to permit smooth motion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity during expansion or during inspiration and expiration

A

Pleura

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31
Q

it lines the thoracic cavity, the lateral wall
of the mediastinum, the diaphragm, and the inner aspects of the ribs

A

Parietal

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32
Q

In the middle of the thorax, between the pleural sacs that contain the two lungs.

A

Mediastinum

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33
Q

can be used to evaluate for the cardiac and pulmonary functioning

A

X-Ray

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34
Q

surrounded by connective tissue that contains arteries, lymphatics, and nerves.

A

Subsegmental bronchi

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35
Q

Numbers of segmental bronchi on the left and right

A

L: 8
R: 10

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36
Q

Facilitates effective postural drainage in patients

A

Segmental bronchi

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37
Q

Order of lung segments

A

lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi -subsegmental bronchi - bronchioles- terminal bronchioles

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38
Q

Peripheral aspect of the bronchioles. Considered to be the transitional passageways between the conducting airways and the gas exchange airways

A

Terminal bronchioles

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39
Q

There is an alveolus but no gas exchange would
take place.

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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40
Q

Amount of air in the trachea-bronchial tree
that does not participate in the gas exchange.

A

About 150 mL

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41
Q

Contains air which does not participate in the gas exchange. They remain on the branches of the trees of the bronchioles

A

Anatomic Dead Space

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42
Q

The basic unit of the lungs

A

Alveoli

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43
Q

Type of cells that make up the alveolar epithelium

A

Type I and II

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44
Q

Account for 95% of the alveolar surface area and acts as a barrier between the air and alveolar surface

A

Type 1

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45
Q

Composed of about five percent of the cells is
responsible for producing the type 1 cells and the surfactant

A

Type 2

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46
Q

AKA alveolar macrophages, they try to
engulf foreign bodies that would go towards our alveoli

A

Type 3

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47
Q

Chemicals that reduce the surface tension of the alveoli

A

Surfactant

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48
Q

O2 Transport and CO2 removal is done through the thin wall of _____ and _____

A

Capillaries and alveoli

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49
Q

Gas exchange between the atmospheric air and the blood & between the blood and cells of the body

A

Respiration

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50
Q

Involves the process of inspiration and expiration

A

Ventilation

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51
Q

involves the process of inspiration and
expiration brought about by the size and increasing capacity of the thoracic cavity and the diaphragm

A

ventilation

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52
Q

Movement of the air: area of_____ pressure →
area of _____ pressure

A

higher to lower

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53
Q

Determined by the radius or size of the airway, lung volumes, and airflow velocity

A

Airway resistance

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54
Q

As resistance increases = gas flow _____.

A

decreases

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55
Q

Causes of increased airway resistance:

A

Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Mucus, Tumor, foreign body
Emphysema

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56
Q

Characterized by a connective tissue
encircling the airways, thereby keeping them
open during inspiration and expiration

A

Emphysema

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57
Q

Elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thoracic structures

A

Lung compliance

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58
Q

determined by examining the volume –
pressure relationship in the lungs and the thorax.

A

Compliance

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59
Q

rebound of the lungs; decrease of the size
of the lungs in response to inhalation

A

Recoil/Exhalation

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60
Q

Loss ability of lungs to recoil will result in
_______

A

overdistention: e.g. emphysema- air is
trapped because lungs is not able to recoil

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61
Q

Decreased lung compliance is present in conditions of:

A

Morbid obesity
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary edema
Atelectasis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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62
Q

For ventilation to take place successfully, there needs to be a balance between___,___, and ____

A

air pressure
airway resistance
lung compliance.

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63
Q

Whenever there is acidosis, for the body to
compensate, the lungs will excrete____

A

CO2

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64
Q

If there is no adequate ventilation, CO2 stays in the body, eventually leading to ______

A

respiratory acidosis

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65
Q

During hyperventilation, the tendency of the body is to excrete CO2, eventually leading to _______

A

respiratory alkalosis

66
Q

Generally, as the patient ages, the volume and the capacity of the lungs ______.

A

decreases

67
Q

Amount of air (approximately 500 mL) moved in and out of the lungs with each normal quiet breath

A

Tidal volume

68
Q

Amount of air (approximately 2100 to 3100 mL) that can be inhaled by forcibly over tidal volume

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

69
Q

Amount of air (approximately 1000 mL) that can be forced out over the tidal volume

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

70
Q

Volume that remains after a forced expiration of approximately 1100 mL

A

Residual Volume

71
Q

Total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by the lungs

A

Vital capacity

72
Q

Vital capacity formula

A

TV + IRV + ERV

73
Q

inhalation of dust (ex. Coal dust, stone dust, silicone dust)

A

Pneumoconiosis

74
Q

protects the lungs from the
protease mediated tissue destruction

A

Antiprotease

75
Q

Pack years formula

A

no. of packs/day x no. of years smoking

76
Q

Main sign of lung disease

A

Cough

77
Q

Color of sputum when there is bacterial infection

A

yellow or green

78
Q

Smokers with chronic bronchitis have ___sputum

A

mucoid sputum

79
Q

Excessive pink, frothy sputum common in ____

A

pulmonary edema

80
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Characterized by excess sputum

81
Q

It is characterized by a rust-colored sputum

A

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

82
Q

Foul-smelling sputum. there is a deposit of pus in the lung cavity

A

Lung abscess

83
Q

is the presence of blood in the sputum

A

Hemoptysis

84
Q

is the abnormal growth in the lungs

A

Adenoma

85
Q

Grossly bloody sputum

A

Tuberculosis, pulmonary infarction, bronchial adenoma, or lung abscess

86
Q

Continuous or made worse by coughing, deep
breathing or swallowing

A

Chest pain

87
Q

Intermittent during sleep. Difficulty of breathing that makes the patient wake up
at night

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

88
Q

Shortness of breathing that occurs when lying down. Relieved when sitting up

A

Orthopnea

89
Q

High-pitched musical sound

A

Wheezing

90
Q

Wheezing in inspiration indicates

A

Asthma

91
Q

Wheezing in expiration indicates

A

Bronchitis

92
Q

___is the narrowing of airways

A

Bronchoconstriction

93
Q

Type of Wheezing. Low-pitched continuous sounds are heard over the lungs. May also indicate partial airway obstruction

A

Rhonchi (Sonorous)

94
Q

Refers to the thickening of the fingertips. Common indication for cyanotic/hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, or malignancies

A

Clubbing

95
Q

Refers to the bluish discoloration of the skin.

A

Cyanosis

96
Q

indicates increased respiratory effort

A

Nasal flaring

97
Q

could be a sign of epistaxis which
could be caused by a ruptured artery or blood
vessel inside the nasal cavity.

A

Bleeding

98
Q

If the patient has experienced an injury and manifests glucose-containing drainage, you would suspect _____

A

CSF leakage

99
Q

Tonsil grade of “kissing” tonsils

A

Grade 4+

100
Q

If there is tender and movable nodes, it suggests ___

A

Inflammation

101
Q

an equipment used to visualize the
larynx; optimal for pandemic as it doesn’t require close
proximity with the patient.

A

Laryngoscope

102
Q

abnormal voice (hoarseness). This can be an
initial sign for ___

A

Laryngeal cancer

103
Q

It is a technique that can help people with asthma or COPD especially if they are having episodes of SOB (hypoventilation).

A

Pursed-lip Breathing

104
Q

Anteroposterior diameter and lateral diameter
ratio of 1:1. Common among patients with COPD.

A

Barrel Chest

105
Q

AKA “Pectus Excavatum”. This is a condition in which the sternum is sunken into the chest.

A

Funnel Chest

106
Q

AKA “Pectus Carinatum”. A rare deformity that causes the sternum to be pushed outward instead of being flush against the chest wall.

A

Pigeon Chest/Keel Chest

107
Q

A musculoskeletal disorder that is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis

A

Kyphoscoliosis

108
Q

Abnormal posterior and sideways curvature of the spine in both the coronal and sagittal planes.

A

Kyphoscoliosis

109
Q

Regular cycle where the rate and depth of
breathing increase, then decrease until apnea
(usually about 20 seconds) occurs

A

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

110
Q

Periods of normal breathing (3-4 breaths),
followed by varying period of apnea (usually 10-60 seconds). AKA “ataxic breathing”

A

Biot’s Respiration

111
Q

Asymmetric bulging of intercostal spaces on either side of the thorax

A

Hemithorax

112
Q

Happens because of air trapped in and under the skin, aka subcutaneous emphysema

A

Crepitus (crackling sensation)

113
Q

These may occur in cases of tracheostomy if there is tight closure of tissue around the tracheostomy tube

A

Crepitus (crackling sensation)

114
Q

is an abnormal presence of air in the thoracic cavity

A

Pneumothorax

115
Q

Vibration of chest wall produced when the patient speaks

A

Fremitus

116
Q

Fremitus is decreased in

A

pneumothorax
pleural effusion
bronchial obstruction

117
Q

Fremitus is increased in

A

pneumonia
Abscess

118
Q

normal sound of a healthy lung

A

Resonance

119
Q

Sound: Lung tissue contains fluid or solid. This
might signal that there is a presence of mass or a lot of fluid is being stored in the lungs

A

Dullness

120
Q

is an indication of air traffic.

A

Hyperresonance

121
Q

The measurement of how the diaphragm can go during inhalation.

A

Respiratory Excursion

122
Q

Diminished or absent breath sounds indicates ___

A

atelectasis or pleural effusion

123
Q

Soft-high pitched, discontinuous popping sounds (inspiration)

A

Crackles

124
Q

Continuous musical sound detected at . Commonly found in chronic bronchitis or
bronchiectasis

A

Wheeze

125
Q

Deep low-pitched detected at expiration. Indication of narrowed tracheobronchial passages associated with secretions of tumors

A

Sonorous wheeze (Rhonchi)

126
Q

Continuous, musical, high-pitched whistle-like. detected at inspiration and expiration. Indicates bronchospasm, asthma, and buildup
secretions.

A

Sibilant wheeze

127
Q

Harsh crackling sound (two pieces of leather being rubbed together). Brought about by inflammation of pleural cavity (pleuritis) and pleural effusion (excess fluid in the pleura.

A

Friction rubs

128
Q

Measures how much carbon monoxide in the body.

A

Smoke Analyzer Test (Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Test)

129
Q

Standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine – the active substance in the cigarette

A

Fagerstrom Test

130
Q

to identify the antibiotic that can be used
to treat the organism

A

Sensitivity

131
Q

to identify sinusitis

A

Waters’ View X-Ray

132
Q

Used for patients with respiratory tract disorders to evaluate the status of the chest and provide baseline comparison with future changes.

A

Chest X-Ray

133
Q

useful when an x-ray reveals a suspicious lesion,
because pulmonary soft tissue densities, pulmonary nodules, tumors, and blood clots can be seen.

A

CT Scan

134
Q

reflects the efficiency of gas exchange

A

PaO2

135
Q

adequacy of ventilation of the lungs

A

Alveolar ventilation (PaCO2)

136
Q

reflects the activity of the kidney in retaining or excreting Bicarbonate

A

Acid-base balance (HCO3)

137
Q

More detailed than x-ray and CT scan (microvasculature)

A

MRI

138
Q

Could rule out stage bronchogenic carcinoma,
evaluate inflammatory activity in interstitial lung
disease, acute PE, and chronic thrombolytic
pulmonary hypertension.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

139
Q

Prior to MRI assess for ______

A

claustrophobia

140
Q

Refers to the flow of air into and out the alveoli

A

V = ventilation

141
Q

Refers to the flow of blood to the alveolar
capillaries

A

Q = perfusion

142
Q

This test would use a radioisotope substance to assess for normal lung function, pulmonary vascular supply, and gas exchange

A

Ventilation and Perfusion Scanning (V/Q scan)

143
Q

Involves the use of gallium which is a radioactive substance

A

Gallium Scan

144
Q

A disease that involves the abnormal collection of inflammatory cells known as granulomas

A

Sarcoidosis

145
Q

There are deposits of inflammatory cells called as panda sign

A

Sarcoidosis

146
Q

Detect and display metabolic changes in tissues. Evaluate nodules and malignancy

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

147
Q

Insertion of a tube in the airways. Purpose: direct inspection and examination of airway structures and obtaining tissue sample for biopsy

A

Bronchoscopy

147
Q

Insertion of a tube in the airways. Purpose: direct inspection and examination of airway structures and obtaining tissue sample for biopsy

A

Bronchoscopy

148
Q

is intended to decrease the secretions and inhibit vagal stimulations

A

Atropine

149
Q

If there is gag reflexpost-bronchoscopy, give ___

A

ice chips and fluids

150
Q

Pleural cavity is examined with an endoscope and fluid and tissues can be obtained for analysis

A

Thoracoscopy

151
Q

If the patient is complaining of SOB postthoracoscopy assume for the presence of

A

pneumothorax

152
Q

Aspiration of pleural fluid & air from the pleural space

A

Thoracentesis

153
Q

Insertion of a flexible tube (mediastinoscope) through the chest wall above the sternum into the area of the upper chest between the lungs.

A

Mediastinoscopy

154
Q

Excision of a small amount of tissue on a specific part of concern to obtain sample for histologic analysis, culture, or cytologic examination.

A

Biopsy

155
Q

The diagnostic standard for cancer

A

Biopsy

156
Q

A fiber optic bronchoscope that ends in a brush
and this brush is moved back and forth to collect the specimen.

A

Transbronchial brushing

157
Q

A tube is inserted in the bronchus with a needle at the end that extracts the specimen needed.

A

Transbronchial needle aspiration

158
Q

A bronchoscope is inserted through the bronchus and the specimen will be collected using forceps at the end of the tube.

A

Transbronchial lung biopsy

159
Q

The needle is inserted through the skin wherein
there is excision of a tissue done through a spinal needle or cutting needle for histologic study under fluoroscopy or CT guided.

A

Percutaneous needle biopsy

160
Q

Could be used to detect spread of pulmonary
disease towards the lymph nodes

A

Lymph node biopsy

NCM 215A (7 decks)

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