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NCM 215A > Cardio (Part 2) > Flashcards

Cardio (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as coronary heart disease (CHD),
atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) or simply heart disease.

A

Coronary Artery Diseases

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2
Q

A term applied to obstructed blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscles.

A

Coronary Artery disease

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3
Q

abnormal accumulation of fatty
substances and fibrous tissue in the lining of your arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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4
Q

has a three-fold effect on our
heart

A

Cigarette smoking

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5
Q

is both a stimulant and causes vasoconstriction to stimulate SNS which releases our catecholamines

A

Nicotine

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6
Q

abnormality on our blood lipid levels)

A

dyslipidemia

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7
Q

Characterized by hyperglycemia leading towards dyslipidemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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8
Q

A hormone which we used to believe to have a
protective effect on the heart and the blood vessels.

A

Estrogen

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9
Q

Goal is moderate-intensity aerobic activity of at least __ minutes per week.

A

75

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10
Q

is considered to be at higher risk for stress and also for CAD.

A

Type A

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11
Q

have a tendency to have more cardiac symptoms, but are less likely to report it

A

Type D

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12
Q

Associated with higher levels of triglyceride and low density lipoproteins

A

Use of Oral Contraceptives

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13
Q

Pain or pressure in the anterior chest. ● “Strangling of the chest”

A

Angina Pectoris

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14
Q

Primary symptom of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction

A

Angina

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15
Q

Predictable and consistent Angina. Occurs with exertion and relieved by rest

A

Stable angina

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16
Q

Angina oftentimes relieved by nitroglycerin

A

Stable angina

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17
Q

is a vasodilator, it improves the
blood flow towards that affected part of your
heart

A

Nitroglycerin

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18
Q

Pre-infarction or crescendo angina

A

Unstable angina

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19
Q

Symptoms increase in frequency and severity. ● May NOT be relieved by rest and nitroglycerin

A

Unstable angina

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20
Q

“Intractable pain”. Severe incapacitating chest pain

A

Intractable/ Refractory Angina

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21
Q

Pain at rest with reversible ST segment elevation

A

Prinzmetal (Variant) Angina

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22
Q

Type of angina Caused by coronary artery vasospasm

A

Prinzmetal Angina

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23
Q

Management of prinzmetal angina

A

anti-vasospastic agents to relieve the vasospasm

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24
Q

There is objective finding of ischemia, a change is ECG which shows ischemia, however the patient is not showing chest pain

A

Silent Ischemia

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In diabetes, there is a decreased perception even in chest pain

A

TRUE

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26
Q

A marker for the inflammation of vascular endothelium

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) -

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27
Q

A vasodilator, which improves the blood flow to the heart Hence, improving the oxygen supply to the heart. Reduce myocardial oxygen consumption

A

Nitroglycerin (Nitrates)

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28
Q

Sublingual dose of nitrate could relieve chest pain within

A

3 mins

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29
Q

DO NOT GIVE nitroglycerin IF THE SYSTOLIC BP IS LESS THAN

A

90 mmHg

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30
Q

Nursing responsibility before giving nitrates

A

Check BP

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31
Q

Prevent platelet aggregation

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

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32
Q

is a potent vasoconstrictor such as Captopril. Would prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. Hence, decreasing the patient’s BP.

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)

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33
Q

an emergent condition characterized by acute onset of myocardial ischemia

A

acute myocardial infarction,

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34
Q

Vital for diagnosis to rule out myocardial infarction, must be done within 10 mins from the time of pain or arrival in the emergency room.

A

12 lead ECG

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35
Q

There is an abnormal Q wave while there is normal T wave and ST segment

A

old
myocardial infarction or acute myocardial
infarction.

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36
Q

ECG findings in acute MI

A

T wave inversion, ST elevation, abnormal Q wave

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37
Q

ST segment elevation in 2 contiguous leads (leads sharing a common border, evaluating the same part of the heart.

A

STEMI

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38
Q

Happens if the biomarkers are increased
but the ECG changes are not prominent

A

NSTEM

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39
Q

In MI, this increases within 4 to 6 hours after the onset of chest pain, peak within 24 hours

A

CK-MB

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40
Q

Reliable and critical markers of myocardial injury.

A

Troponin I and T

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41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Troponin I is more specific for cardiac problems than Troponin T.

A

True

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42
Q

drug of choice for MI

A

Morphine Sulfate

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43
Q

reduces pain and anxiety, thus lowering the preload and afterload, decreasing the workload of the heart.

A

Morphine sulfate

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44
Q

Given 3 times every 5 minutes (sublingually)

A

NTG (Nitroglycerin)

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45
Q

Medical management for MI

A

Morphine sulfate
Oxygen therapy
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
do MONA within 3-5 minutes

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46
Q

the best position for patients with MI.

A

best position
for patients with MI.

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47
Q

A balloon tipped catheter is used to open a blocked coronary vessel and resolve ischemia.

A

PTCA

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48
Q

Capable of dissolving the clot

A

Thrombolytic or Fibronolytic (streptokinase)

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Administering streptokinase (thrombolytic) needs to be counterchecked by an another nurse

A

TRUE

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50
Q

Golden period of thrombolytic administration

A

4 to 6 hours. Basis is the onset of pain

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51
Q

Creates new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart

A

CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

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52
Q

The purpose is to improve cardiac function and assist the patient to return to as normal

A

Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise

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53
Q

Begins from the diagnosis of atherosclerosis which is focused on the essentials of self-care and not yet the behavioral changes for the reduction.

A

Phase 1

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54
Q

Begins from the time the patient is
discharged. The patient needs to attend 3
sessions for 4 to 6 weeks but may continue
longer depending on his responses

A

Phase 2

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55
Q

Focused on long term outpatient
management, focusing on maintaining
cardiovascular stability and long term
conditioning

A

Phase 3

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56
Q

Disorders of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart

A

Dysrhythmia

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57
Q

the electrical impulses originatesfrom the SA node

A

Sinus Rhythm

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58
Q

Slower rate condition that originates from SA node

A

Sinus bradycardia

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59
Q

the distance between QRS complexes is wider means the heart rate is slower

A

Sinus bradycardia

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60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Epi should not be given in Sinus
Bradycardia. Epi should only be given to patients with cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis

A

TRUE

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61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Valsalva maneuver is
a parasympathetic response hence it would
aggravate bradycardia.

A

TRUE

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62
Q

Medication for sinus bradycardia

A

Atropine 0.5 mg

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63
Q

There is a normal HR but there are pauses.

A

Sinus arrest

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64
Q

There is an increase in the heart rate.

A

Sinus tachycardia

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65
Q

P wave tends to be normal and consistent with shape, it is always preceding the QRS but it may be buried through the T wave

A

Sinus tachycardia

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66
Q

Patient may sometimes says “my heart is racing”, what condition are you suspecting

A

Sinus tachycardia

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67
Q

Synchronized with the peak of the QRS complex. The low energy shock is given at the peak of the QRS complex. Given in condition of sinus tachycardia

A

Synchronized Cardioversion

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68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardioversion is synchronized; defibrillation is not synchronized

A

TRUE

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69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardioversion would try to restart the heart and awaken the SA node to the normal rate.

A

TRUE

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSEL In the defibrillation, you look for the QRS complex.

A

FALSE

71
Q

Two most common waves in defibrillation or 2
shockable rhythms that need defibrillation:

A

V tach
V Fib

72
Q

compression in the carotid artery in such a way that baroreceptors will be elicited.

A

Carotid sinus massage

73
Q

Sinus pause or Sinus block. SA node stopped firing

A

Sinus Arrest

74
Q

The most common type of sinus arrest

A

Junctional Escape Beat

75
Q

Electrical impulse starts before the next normal
impulse of the sinus node.

A

Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)

76
Q

Client verbalized “My heart skipped a beat.” indicating skipped beats

A

Premature Atrial Contractions (PAC)

77
Q

A life threatening dysrhythmia

A

Atrial flutter

78
Q

increased automaticity. rapid regular atrial rhythm still thought to be caused by increased atrial automaticity or increased atrial reentry mechanism

A

Atrial flutter

79
Q

There is one QRS complex for several P waves

A

Atrial flutter

80
Q

P wave: Saw-tooth pattern, are referred to as F
waves (fibrillatory waves)

A

Atrial Flutter

81
Q

FLAT Line

A

scene safety, call for help, CPR, AED

82
Q

Medication of choice in atrial flutter

A

Adenosine, Beta clockers (-olol_ and clacium channel blockers (-ines, -mils)

83
Q

Most common sustained dysrhythmia.

A

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

84
Q

Rapid and uncoordinated twitching of atrial muscles

A

Atrial Fibrillation

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial fibrillation is more dangerous than Atrial flutter

A

TRUE

86
Q

Atrial Fibrillation Classification System (Types)

A

Paroxysmal
Persistent
Long-standing persistent
Permanent
Nonvalvular

87
Q

A fIb type: sudden onset with termination that
occurs spontaneously or after an intervention; lasts <7 days, but may recur

A

Paroxysmal

88
Q

A Fib type: continuous, lasting > 7 days

A

Persistent

89
Q

AFib Type: continuous, lasting >12
months

A

Long-standing persistent

90
Q

A Fib Type: persistent, but decision has been made not to restore or maintain sinus rhythm

A

Permanent

91
Q

A Fib Type: absence of mitral stenosis, valve
replacement or repair

A

Nonvalvular

92
Q

A Fib Type: absence of mitral stenosis, valve
replacement or repair

A

Nonvalvular

93
Q

medications that were used to enhance
the success of the conversion to sinus rhythm

A

Amiodarone
Sotalol

94
Q

destroys specific cells that are the cause of tachydysrhythmia.

A

Catheter Ablation Therapy -

95
Q

slows conduction of AV node hence this
is the drug of choice for chronic atrial fibrillation

A

Digoxin

96
Q

preferred medication, highly
effective in converting to sinus rhythm

A

Dofetilide (Tikosyn)-

97
Q

The problem manifested in the ECG would usually be in the QRS complex and if not, T wave. Originates from foci within the ventricles

A

Ventricular dysrhythmias

98
Q

Three Rhythms under ventricular dysrhythmias

A

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
Ventricular fibrillation (VFib)

99
Q

An impulse that starts in a ventricle and is conducted through the ventricles before the next normal sinus impulse.

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)

100
Q

a contraction that occur earlier than it is expected

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)

101
Q

Types of PVC’s:

A

Unifocal PVCs
Multifocal PVCs
Bigeminy
Trigeminy
Couplet or pair
Triplet or Salvo

102
Q

Type of PVC’s: when ventricular impulse is
initiated from one ectopic site. Appearance of QRS is uniform

A

Unifocal PVCs

103
Q

Type of PVC’s: initiated from different ectopic sites, the appearance of QRS varies

A

Multifocal PVC’s

104
Q

Type of PVC’s: presence of one PVS noted every other beat

A

BIgeminy

105
Q

Type of PVC’s: a PVC noted every third beat

A

Trigeminy

106
Q

Type of PVC’s: 2 PVC’s in a row

A

Couplet or pair

107
Q

Type of PVC’s: 3 PVC’s in a row. can lead to more complicated dysrhythmia which is ventricular tachycardia

A

Triplet or Salvo

108
Q

3 or more PVCs in a row, occurring at a rate exceeding 100 bpm

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

109
Q

Considered a shockable rhythm - can administer a defibrillation as long as the px does not have a pulse

A

Ventricular tachycardia

110
Q

Manifestation: Pulseless and unresponsive (meaning patient is undergoing cardiac/cardiopulmonary arrest)

A

Ventricular tachycardia

111
Q

medication of choice in Vtach

A

Amiodarone

Others: Procainamide and Solatol

112
Q

placed inside the px chest cavity and it has the capacity to cardiovert and defibrillate thus, the device can deliver electrical shock to the heart

A

Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD):

113
Q

Synchronous countershock

A

Defibrillation

114
Q

Applied to an attempt to terminate a non-perfusing rhythm (such as V. fib or V. tach) if px is pulseless and unconscious (in arrest)

A

Defibrillation

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In defibrillation, one of the electrical pads is placed on the right upper
chest and the other is on the left lower chest.

A

TRUE

116
Q

Two different Kinds of defibrillators:

A

Monophasic defibrillators
Biphasic defibrillators

117
Q

Kind of Defibrillator: the current or electricity travels from one pad to another

A

Monophasic

118
Q

Kind of defibrillator: The direction of the electrical flow is two-way, commonly used to date

A

Biphasic

119
Q

A defibrillator same defibrillation set up that is being used to restart the patient’s heart after cardiac surgery. done in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries

A

Internal defibrillator

120
Q

Extremely rapid, disorganized ventricular rhythm that causes ineffective quivering of the ventricles.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

121
Q

Basically the quivering of the heart, No atrial activity is seen on the ECG.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

122
Q

Ventricular rate greater than 300 bpm - too rapid to count

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

123
Q

There are no recognizable QRS complexes. Ventricular rhythm is extremely irregular, without specific pattern

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

124
Q

First drug of choice in arrest is?

A

epinephrine

125
Q

The silent heart”

A

Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)

126
Q

Absence of electrical activity in cardiac muscles. Cardiac Arrest

A

Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)

127
Q

No rhythm, HR, P waves, PR intervals, and QRS
complex

A

Ventricular Asystole (“Flatline”)

128
Q

Battery-operated generators that emit timed
electrical signals; triggering the contraction of the heart muscles and control the heart rate

A

Pacemaker

129
Q

Types of Pacemaker: used in emergency, or elective situations that require limited, short term pacing

A

Temporary

130
Q

Types of Pacemaker: best choice for life-threatening situations, used in long term dysrythmias

A

Transcutaneous

131
Q

Types of Pacemaker: most common means of pacing the heart in emergency situations, passes through superior vena cava

A

Transvenous

132
Q

Types of Pacemaker: Electrodes are insterted through the epicardium of the RV. This is permanent, indicating long-term management o dysrhythmias

A

Epicardial

133
Q

Mode of Pacing in pacemakers:

A

Fixed rate (asynchronous)
Demand or stand by mode

134
Q

Mode of pacing of pacemakers: it fires electricity as a fixed rate regardless of the dysrhythmias experienced by the patient

A

Fixed rate (Asynchronous)

135
Q

Mode of pacing of pacemakers: only fires electrical impulses whenever there are abnormalities detected on the P-wave and the QRS complex

A

Demand or stand by mode

136
Q

Unexpected death occurring within 1 hour of the onset of cardiovascular symptoms

A

Sudden cardiac death

137
Q

is a vital system that is dependent on the
functioning of the brain

A

cardiac system

138
Q

severe bleeding in the brain

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

139
Q

Activation of medial services system

A

Call a code

140
Q

Ratio for adults in CPR

A

30:2; administer 30 compressions when giving 2 breaths

141
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Every 2 minutes or every 5 cycles of CPR, check the pulse.

A

TRUE

142
Q

Commonly applied in paramedic and hospital settings

A

ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support)

143
Q

AVPU

A

ALERT. VERBAL, PAIN, UNCONSCIOUS

144
Q

if patient had 1 rise of chest, patient may be gasping for air due to

A

FBO ( foreign body obstruction)

145
Q

Opioid overdose right away administer

A

naloxone

146
Q

Every __ mins u should give epinephrine to cardiac arrest

A

3-5 mins

147
Q

Non-shockable rhythms

A

asystole
pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

148
Q

There is presence of some arrhythmias, however, the patient is not having a pulse.

A

Pulseless Electrical Activity

149
Q

used to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced airways

A

Capnography

150
Q

crucial in both adequate perfusion and adequate blood flow.

A

Peripheral Vascular Assessment

151
Q

Three Layers of arteries:

A

Intima- Innermost layer, made up of endothelial
tissues
Media- - Smooth muscles and elastic tissues
Adventitia- Connective tissues

152
Q

Often referred to as resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

153
Q

Often referred to as resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

154
Q

The exchange of oxygenated blood and waste
products and carbon dioxide, takes place in

A

Capillaries

155
Q

Driving pressure generated by the blood pressure

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

156
Q

Pressure driven by plasma proteins

A

Osmotic Pressure

157
Q

mean pressure gradient across the valve divided by mean flow rate during systolic ejection

A

Hemodynamic Resistance

158
Q

A muscular cramp type of pain or discomfort or
fatigue in the extremities

A

Intermittent claudication

159
Q

a signal of aneurysm or a turbulent
blood flow within the blood vessels

A

Bruit

160
Q

A non-invasive test which is a combination of
Doppler and Duplex

A

Duplex Ultrasonography

161
Q

Provides cross-sectional images of soft-tissue
and visualizes the area of volume changes to an extremity and the compartment where the
change takes place

A

Computed Tomography Scanning (CT Scan)

162
Q

Includes injection of the contrast media or radiopaque media into the venous system.. Then, successive X-rays are being taken to check the unfilled segments of the vein and the completely filled vein

A

Contrast Phlebography (Venography)

163
Q

There is hardening of the arteries

A

Arterosclerosis

164
Q

Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues

A

Atherosclerosis

165
Q

Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues

A

fatty Streaks

166
Q

Involves accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood
components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissues

A

Fibrous plaques

167
Q

a balloon is inserted through the injured
blood vessel or damaged atherosclerotic blood
vessel to be inflated to increase the diameter of
the lumen of the artery

A

PTA

168
Q

removal of the atherosclerotic plaque

A

Atherectomy

169
Q

Form of intermittent arteriolar vasoconstriction that results in coldness, pain, and pallor of the fingertips or toes

A

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

170
Q

Occlusive vascular disease in which small and
midsized peripheral arteries become inflamed and spastic; causing clots to form

A

Thromoangititis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)

NCM 215A (7 decks)

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