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NCM 215A > Cardio Part 1 > Flashcards

Cardio Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main organs of the Cardiovascular System

A

Heart, Blood vessels, Blood

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2
Q

Main function of the heart (supply O2 to body
organs)

A

Perfusion

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3
Q

carry oxygenated blood

A

Arteries

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4
Q

carry deoxygenated blood

A

Veins

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5
Q

Fist-sized, hollow muscular organ that is located at
the center of the thorax

A

Heart

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6
Q

Heart occupies the space between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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7
Q

The weight of the heart

A

300g

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8
Q

Volume of blooded blood of the ehart

A

60 ml or 5L/m

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9
Q

enlargement of
the size of the organ, particularly for the heart,
which has thickening walls)

A

Hypertrophy

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10
Q

backflow of blood
from the lower chamber to the upper
chamber

A

Regurgitation

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11
Q

● A thin fibrous sac that covers and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

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12
Q

how many mL of fluid in the pericardial space that lubricates the surface of the heart and reduces friction

A

20mL

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13
Q

surrounds or envelops the visceral pericardium, tough fibrous tissues, sternum, diaphragm, and vertebral column.

A

Parietal pericardium

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14
Q

Supports the heart in the mediastinum.

A

Parietal pericardium

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15
Q

3 Layers of the Heart

A

Epicardium. myocardium, endocardium

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16
Q

the outermost layer of the heart

A

Epidicardium

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17
Q

the middle and muscular layer that is
responsible for the pumping action of the heart. the strongest layer of the heart. Composed of muscle fiber.

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

(inner layer) is the lining in the insides of
the heart and valves.

A

Endocardium

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19
Q

A muscular wall that separates the heart in 2 halves: left and right

A

Septum

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20
Q

A muscular wall that separates the heart in 2 halves: left and right

A

Septum

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21
Q

Condition what the child would be born without a septum

A

atrial septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular septal defect (VSD).

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22
Q

VSD has ____to ____ shunting, because the left side of the heart is stronger than the right side of the heart.

A

left to right

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23
Q

Venous blood transfer from the right atrium to right ventricle during ____

A

diastole

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24
Q

one that receives venous blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus returning to the heart

A

Right atrium

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25
Q

has venous blood from the head, neck, upper extremities, and part of the chest

A

Superior vena cava

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26
Q

a has venous blood from the
trunk and lower extremities.

A

Inferior vena cava

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27
Q

has blood from the coronary
circulation (blood that nourishes the heart)

A

Coronary sinus

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28
Q

a muscular pump located behind the sternum It generates enough pressure to close the
tricuspid valve and open the pulmonic valve to
push the blood to the pulmonary artery

A

Right ventricle

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29
Q

Is the relaxation phase of all chambers
simultaneously

A

Diastole

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30
Q

Represented by P wave (atrial depolarization) in ECG and dub

A

Diastole

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31
Q

the contraction of the atria and the ventricles

A

Systole

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial and ventricular systole are simultaneous

A

FALSE

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Atrial systole comes first followed by the ventricular contraction

A

TRUE

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34
Q

Ventricular systole or ventricular depolarization
is indicated by the _____

A

QRS complex

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35
Q

What condition wherein there is a problem in the QRS complex.

A

supraventricular tachycardia,
ventricular tachycardia

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36
Q

The valve between the atrium and ventricles

A

AV valve

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37
Q

The closure of AV valves is maintained by the ___ attached to ventricullar walls

A

papillary muscles
chordae tendineae

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38
Q

is a 3 leaflet valve found between the right atrium and right ventricles

A

Tricuspid Valve

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39
Q

also known as bicuspid valve has 2 leaflets that are between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral Valve

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40
Q

Composed of 3 leaflets. Expected to be closed during diastole

A

Semilunar Valves

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41
Q

The valve between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic valve

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42
Q

The valve between the left ventricle and the
aorta

A

Aortic valve

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43
Q

the specialized cells that form an interconnected network of muscle fibers

A

Myocytes

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44
Q

Cardiac muscles are connected by junctions called

A

Intercalated discs

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45
Q

Without a constant supply of oxygen towards the heart, there will be a problem with coronary circulation, _____ may occur.

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

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46
Q

The ability to initiate electrical impulses. The heart can initiate electrical impulses through the SA node

A

Automaticity

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47
Q

The ability to respond to an electrical impulse. By the time the SA node would fire an electrical
impulse, the heart will be able to respond.

A

Excitability

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48
Q

The ability to transmit electrical impulses from
one cell to another.

A

Conductibility

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49
Q

The tension developed and the velocity of
shortening of the myocardial fibers.

A

Contractility

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50
Q

It corresponds to the repolarization of the heart
or the ability of the heart to rest. This refers to the inability of the cell to respond
to any stimulus.

A

Refractoriness

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51
Q

is the exchange of ions that
creates a positively charged environment
intracellular ( inside the cell) and a negatively
charged extracellular space.

A

depolarization

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52
Q

occurs during the repolarization
phase or the resting phase.

A

Refractory period

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53
Q

Phase in Cardiac Action Potential where Cellular depolarization is initiated as positive ions influx into the cell.

A

Phase 0

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54
Q

Phase in Cardiac Action Potential where Early cellular repolarization begins
during this phase as potassium exits the
intracellular space.

A

Phase 1

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55
Q

This phase of Cardia action potential is called the plateau phase because the rate of repolarization slows. Calcium ions enter the intracellular space.

A

Phase 2

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56
Q

This phase of cardiac action portential marks the completion of repolarization and the return of the cell to its resting state.

A

Phase 3

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57
Q

This phase of cardiac action potential is considered the resting phase before the next depolarization.

A

Phase 4

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58
Q

Two Kinds of Refractory Period:

A

Absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

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59
Q

The cardiac excitability is canceled. The cell is completely unresponsive to any electrical stimulus. It is incapable of initiating an early depolarization

A

Absolute refractory period

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60
Q

The heart is beginning to recover gradually until it reaches its normal value. corresponds with
the short time at the end of phase 3

A

Relative refractory period

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61
Q

Will you be able to notice your refractory period?

A

No: the refractory period would only take milliseconds.

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62
Q

Generates and transmits electrical impulses that stimulate the contraction of the myocardium.

A

The Conduction System

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63
Q

Primary/Normal pacemaker of the heart. Found between the junction of superior vena cava and right atrium

A

SA (Sinoatrial Node)

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64
Q

Secondary pacemaker of the heart. Found between the right atrium and ventricle,
near the tricuspid valve

A

AV node

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65
Q

Transmits impulses from AV node to the
ventricles

A

Bundle branches/ Bundle of His

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66
Q

The terminal (last) point of the conduction
system of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

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67
Q

Simulation of the vagus nerve is under what stimulation. It decreases heart rate

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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68
Q

Stimulation that is responsible for Fight or flight response and increases heart rate

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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69
Q

Triggers the release of epinephrine and
norepinephrine (catecholamines).

A

Excercise

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70
Q

Enlargement of the heart

A

Cardiomegaly

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71
Q

any abnormality
on the electrical impulses in the heart

A

Arrhythmias

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72
Q

the most important electrolyte

A

Potassium (k)

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73
Q

have a significant role in
your cardiac contractility

A

Potassium and calcium

74
Q

Produced by adrenal glands

A

Catecholamines

75
Q

is released by the pituitary

A

TSH

76
Q

Patients with ______ tends to manifest with tachycardia and palpitations

A

hyperthyroidism

77
Q

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

78
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

79
Q

the amount of blood which goes out
of your ventricle every time the heart pumps or
contracts.

A

stroke volume

80
Q

The average resting stroke volume is about

A

60-130mL

81
Q

Resting cardiac output in mL

A

4-6mL/min

82
Q

Number of ventricular contraction in each minute

A

Heart rate

83
Q

Heart rate is controlled by the _____ nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS): Parasympathetic and sympathetic

84
Q

Amount of blood ejected by the LV during each
contraction

A

Stroke volume

85
Q

Amount or degree of myocardial fiber stretch at
the end of diastole.

A

Preload

86
Q

Pressure or resistance that the ventricles must
overcome to eject blood through the semilunar
valve

A

Afterload

87
Q

The resistance of the systemic BP to left
ventricular ejection is called systemic vascular
resistance.

A

Afterload

88
Q

Contracting power of the heart

A

Myocardial contractility

89
Q

slows down the heart rate but it makes the heart pump more effectively

A

Digoxin

90
Q

is the amount of blood present in the ventricles at the end of the diastole, also referred to as ventricular and diastolic pressure.

A

Preload

91
Q

measures the amount of fluid that enters the heart (right atrium)

A

Central venous pressure (CVP)

92
Q

according to this principle the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole, the greater the volume of blood ejected during systole

A

Frank-Starling Principle

93
Q

is the amount of pressure the heart needs to
overcome in order to pump blood out of the heart.

A

Afterload

94
Q

is the ability of the heart to contract, for the
cardiac muscles to contract as initiated by the SA node

A

Contractility

95
Q

is a cardiac glycoside that decreases the heart rate however, it makes each contraction to be more effective thus, increasing the strength of every contraction which results in increased contractility

A

Digoxin

96
Q

% of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat; ; used as a measure of cardiac contractility

A

Ejection fraction

97
Q

Normal ejection fraction

A

Normal value = 55 – 65%

98
Q

An ejection fraction of less than 40% is already an indication of

A

Heart failure

99
Q

Three Major Sequential Events

A

Diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole

100
Q

Atrial systole augments ventricular
blood volume by 15% to 25% and is sometimes
referred to as

A

atrial kick

101
Q

Supplies blood to the right atrium (RA) and
anterior of the right ventricle (Anterior RV)

A

Right coronary artery

102
Q

Supplies also the posterior aspect of the septum, posterior papillary muscle, SA and AV node, and inferior aspect of the left ventricle

A

Right coronary artery

103
Q

Left coronary artery: The artery from the point of origin to the first major branch is called the

A

Left main coronary artery

104
Q

Two branches arise from the left main coronary artery:

A

left anterior descending
circumflex artery

105
Q

supply the anterior left ventricular wall, anterior interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and left ventricular aspect

A

Left Anterior Descending

106
Q

supply the anterior left ventricular wall, anterior interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and left ventricular aspect

A

Circumflex artery

107
Q

Whenever you encounter a patient with chest
pain or discomfort, you need to ask for the

A

COLDSPA (character, onset, location, duration,
severity, precipitating, aggravating factors of
the pain experience of the patient.

108
Q

the tendency of the pain is to be diffused throughout the
chest.

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

109
Q

Pain or discomfort in other areas of the body
including arms, back, neck, jaw, and stomach. If
there is chest pain radiating in these body parts,
this might indicate that the patient is having the

A

Acute coronary syndrome

110
Q

an early symptom of heart failure and heart symptom that is only experienced by women

A

Shortness of Breathing (SOB) or Dyspnea on
Exertion (DOB)

111
Q

Blood problem caused by dyspnea on exertion

A

Anemia

112
Q

Whenever there is a change in LOC, you’ll be
suspecting

A

Shock

113
Q

causes syncopal episode and dizziness

A

Decrease cerebral blood (cerebral hypoxia) flow

114
Q

is a major risk factor for CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD).

A

Cigarette use

115
Q

Two components in smoking that have been
implicated to coronary artery disease:

A

Tar
Nicotine

116
Q

A substance with cumulative effect that
can be found in smoke from a burning
tobacco

A

Tar

117
Q

Causes blood vessels to constrict
or narrow which limits the flow of the blood
to different organs

A

Nicotine

118
Q

Worst class of obesity

A

Class III

119
Q

Best time to take statins

A

at night (9 PM)

120
Q

time of fat metabolism occurs

A

10 AM-2 AM

121
Q

tissue that develops on the leaflet of
the bulb of the heart

A

vegetation

122
Q

Patients with diabetes are given hbA1C
diagnostic tests, at least every______, to
detect if sugar control is very good or not.

A

6 months

123
Q

the substance produced by
kidneys which leads to the blood to make
RBCs.

A

Erythropoietin

124
Q

common vein used as alternative route in CABG

A

Saphenous vein and IMA (Internal Mammary
Artery)

125
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Beta-blockers (-olol) and calcium channel blockers (-ine) decrease blood pressure and slow HR

A

TRUE

126
Q

used to treat blood vessel vasospasm

A

Calcium channel blockers

127
Q

increase the risk for thromboembolic disease
such as DVT which can develop into an embolus

A

Contraceptive pill

128
Q

Commonly used for depression

A

St. John’s Wort

129
Q

For the brain, _____ is the first sign
of hypoxia.

A

rritability or restlessness

130
Q

Aorta is found in the ______, in the right

A

2nd ICS

131
Q

Erb’s point can be located at the

A

3rd ICS

132
Q

is a common finding in patients with HF and peripheral vascular diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis or chronic venous insufficiency

A

Peripheral edema

133
Q

Apical pulse is present in the ______ of the left
midclavicular line.

A

5th ICS

134
Q

If the apical pulse is palpated in two distinct areas and pulsations are paradoxical (not spontaneous or not simultaneous) you may suspect a

A

ventricular aneurysm.

135
Q

If you have your broad and forceful apical impulse this may indicate

A

left ventricular heave or lift

136
Q

a vibration or purring sensation, this could be caused by valvular heart disease, atrial or ventricular septal defect, stenosis, or a large artery such as a carotid artery.

A

Trill

137
Q

Marks onset of systole and closure of the
atrioventricular valves

A

S1 (lub)

138
Q

s1 is best heard in

A

Apex

139
Q

marks the onset of diastole and closure of
semilunar valves

A

s2 (dub)

140
Q

S2 is best heard at the

A

base of the heart (upper portion).

141
Q

Occurs when it is possible to distinguish
between the closure of the aortic and pulmonic
valves.

A

Abnormal splitting of S2 (Paradoxical Splitting)

142
Q

May occur with heart disease but they can also occur in some healthy people.

A

Gallop and Murmur (s3 and S4)

143
Q

The presence of both S3 and S4 called

A

Summation or a Quadruple Gallop

144
Q

The presence of both S3 and S4 called Summation or a Quadruple Gallop is an indication of

A

Severe Heart Failure.

145
Q

Reflect turbulent blood flow through normal
or abnormal valves. Harsh, blowing, whistling, rumbling, or squeaking

A

Murmurs

146
Q

Originates from the pericardial sac and
occurs with the movements of the heart
during the cardiac cycle.

A

PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB

147
Q

Can be used to visualize the heart.

A

Chest X-ray

148
Q

It can help determine the size, contour, and position of the heart

A

Chest X-Ray

149
Q

uses sound waves to produce an
image of the heart.

A

Echocardiogram

150
Q

used to measure the ejection fraction
(percentage of the blood that goes out of the heart every time it pumps). It is also used to check the size, shape, and motion of
the heart.

A

Echocardiogram

151
Q

Used to determine regurgitation through sound.

A

Echocardiogram

152
Q

Determines the size and structure of the heart

A

MRI

153
Q

Can give a detailed image of the heart, including
cardiac wall thickness, chamber dilation, valve and ventricular function, and blood movement into the great vessels

A

MRI

154
Q

Displays the electrical activity of the heart, through the analysis of waveforms.

A

ECG

155
Q

atrial depolarization

A

P wave

156
Q

ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

157
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

158
Q

early ventricular repolarization

A

ST segment

159
Q

ST-segment elevation (chair-like appearance) has evidence of

A

evolving MI

160
Q

ST segment depression may identify the presence of

A

myocardial ischemia or injury

161
Q

Recording of audible vibration coming from the
heart and great vessels.

A

● Phonocardiography

162
Q

Valuable tool for detecting and evaluating CAD.

A

Stress test

163
Q

determines the working
nature of the heart when it is made to go under
pressure.

A

Treadmill stress test

164
Q

Done to determine which dysrhythmias may
cause clinical signs and symptoms that may not
occur during a routine ECG.

A

Holter monitoring

165
Q

Referred to as Cardiac Biomarkers because their increase is specific to the cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac enzyme

166
Q

a myocardial protein that is released
into the bloodstream with the injury of your
myocardial muscle.

A

Troponin I

167
Q

Everytime Troponin I or T is released in the
bloodstream, it means that there is

A

injury to the cardiac muscle.

168
Q

specific to MI and shows a predictable rise and fall during three days and the peak levels occur about 24 hours after the onset of chest pain.

A

CK-MB activity

169
Q

Low molecular weight protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

Myoglobin

170
Q

Sedimentation rate which is an indication of
inflammation.

A

ESR

171
Q

Neuro hormone regulates your blood pressure and fluid volume. useful for prompt diagnosis of heart failure

A

BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)

172
Q

A BNP level greater than 100 pg/mL is suggestive of

A

Heart failure

173
Q

A test using a special camera and a small amount of radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream to make an image of the blood flow to the heart.

A

Thallium scanning

174
Q

Catheter is introduced into the heart and selected blood vessels to measure pressure and O2 sat.

A

Cardiac Catheritization

175
Q

mapping the blood vessels of the heart to find out if there are any blockage in any part of blood vessels

A

Coronary angiography

176
Q

Done through cardiac catheterization

A

Coronary angiography

177
Q

Injecting contrast medium into the vascular system to outline the heart and blood vessels

A

Coronary angiography

178
Q

Invasive procedures of monitoring the pressure in our body specifically in the heart.

A

Hemodynamic monitoring

179
Q

Pressure at your superior vena cava and right atrium

A

CVP (Central Venous Pressure)

180
Q

Normal CVP:

A

2-6 mmHg

181
Q

Pressure is monitored through arteries. A probe is inserted towards the arteries and the probe
is attached to a catheter going towards the cardiac monitor wherein the blood pressure inside the body could be read.

A

Intra-arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring

NCM 215A (7 decks)

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