Respi (Part 2) Flashcards
Disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
cessation of breathing during sleep caused by repetitive upper airway obstruction
Sleep apnea
there is an obstruction of the airway on the site which is brought about by the backward movement of the tongue
obstructive sleep apnea
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tone tends to be reduced during sleep. Hence,
there is a possibility for the tongue to fall backwards.
TRUE
the excess in the production of
immature red blood cells triggered by hypoxia
Polycythemia
continuous increase of pressure that
can result to abnormalities in the right side of the heart due to abnormalities brought about by the lungs.
Cor pulmonale
3S of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Snoring
Sleepiness
Significant sleep apnea
Definitive test for sleep apnea, performed during an overnight sleep study
Polysomnography (PSG)
Apparatus for detecting and recording brain waves.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Measures the cornea-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and back of the human eye
Electrooculography (EOG)
Used to identify the presence of abnormal cardiac rhythms
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Identifies depth of sleep, respiratory effort, oxygen saturation, and muscle movement
Electromyography
inserted into our patient’s oral cavity in such a way that the mandible of the patient would be moved forward or will be guided to move forward.
Mandibular Enhancement Device (MAD)
machines can be set to two pressure settings as for inhalation (high-ipap) and exhalation (low-epap) apnea
r Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP)
(Wakefulness-promoting agent), Narcolepsy due to sleep apnea by promoting daytime wakefulness
Modafinil
(Tricyclic Antidepressant) Increase respiratory drive and improve upper airway
muscle tone, given at bedtime
Protriptyline
Medication for Sleep apnea associated with chronic alveolar hypoventilation
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Acetazolamide
antidiuretic. It would try to decrease the swelling of the lung tissues in such a way that the other drugs would take effect
Acetazolamide
remove the uvula. This allows for the decrease of volume of tissues in the neck cavity; hence later on, with the hope that can also aid in the obstruction that the patient is feeling
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPP]
Pins and screws are placed for the skull to get
accustomed that position to prevent obstruction of airway
Maxillomandibular Surgery
An incision is made through the trachea that would act as the artificial airway for the patients
Tracheostomy
Hemorrhage from the nose, caused by rupture of tiny distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose capillaries.
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
Most common site of epistaxis:
Anterior septum, where 3 major
blood vessels enter the nasal cavity
TRUE OR FALSE: Posterior nasal bleeding is an emergency.
TRUE
using epistaxis catheters or a gel tampon used to stop bleeding that originates in the posterior nasal region.
Posterior packing
Inflammation on both pleural layers (visceral and parietal)
Pleurisy/ Pleuritis
Most common cause disorders of pleuritis
Pneumonia
Upper respiratory tract infection
Tuberculosis
Cancer (primary or metastatic)
TRUE OR FALSE: Inflamed pleural membranes rub together during respiration (intensified on inspiration), the result is ______
severe, sharp, knifelike pain.
Spliting in Pleuritis
turning to the affected side to put pressure and decrease pain
There is collection of fluid in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
Two Types of Fluid Accumulation
Exudative
Transudative
Extravasation of fluid into tissues or cavities which result from inflammation of bacterial products or tumors involving pleural spaces
Exudative fluids
Filtrate of plasma that moves through the capillary walls.
Transudative fluids
Extract fluids regardless of being transudative or exudative. A needle is inserted into the ribs with caution so that the lungs and the diaphragm would not be punctured.
Thoracentesis
The best position in thoracentesis
Sitting, orthopneic position, lying on the unaffected side
Removal of the part of the pleura to prevent fluid from collecting in the affected area
Surgical pleurectomy
Obliterate the pleural space and prevent of fluid
reaccummulation. A substance is instilled to the lungs through a chest tube or thoracoscopic procedure
Chemical Pleurodesis
Abnormal presence of air in the pleural space that results in a rise in chest pressure and a reduction in vital capacity → collapse of a portion of the entire lung.
Pneumothorax
3 Types of Pneumothoraxes
Simple (breach of pleura)
Traumatic (air entry to the pleural space)
Traumatic (air entry to the pleural space)
Type of pneumothorax: Rupture of bleb or a bronchopleural fistula
Simple
Type of pneumothorax: Occurs when air escapes from a laceration in the lung itself and the wound is large enough for the air to be excreted when the patient is inhaling, and enters the pleural space (visceral or parietal) or from a wound in the chest wall.
Traumatic
deposit of blood in the thoracic cavity due to major trauma
Hemothorax
the wound in the chest wall is large enough to allow free movement of air in and out of the thoracic cavity with each attempted respiration
Open pneumothorax
shifting of the heart and the great vessels towards the uninjured site with each inspiration and opposite (affected side) during expiration
because of the presence of the open wound which allows the movement of air.
Mediastinal flutter or swing
the great vessel and the trachea shift towards the unaffected side of the chest
Mediastinal shift
Type of pneumothorax: Due to a small opening or wound in the chest wall; air trapping
Tension
Sound on percussion in pneumothorax
Hyperresonance or hyper typmanic: due to increase in air
Tracheal deviation in open pneumothorax
away from the affected side
Tracheal deviation in closed pneumothorax
towards the affected side
Tracheal deviation in tension pneumothorax (open pneumothorax)
away from the affected side
There is a deposit of blood in the thoracic cavity
Hemothorax
Several X-rays are taken in different time
periods for the doctor to evaluate if the
contents of the thorax have already been
drained.
CXR serial evaluation
purpose is to ligate the blood vessels that are actively bleeding
Open thoracotomy
TRUE OR FALSE: Chest tube should always be
lower than the patient’s body.
TRUE
