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PATHO > RESPI AND CARDIO > Flashcards

RESPI AND CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

is crucial for gas exchange in the body, primarily facilitating the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

The respiratory system is crucial for WHAT in the body, primarily facilitating the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

is a network of an organs and structure and responsibility is process of breathing which involves yung sa pagkuha ng oxygen and paglabas ng carbon dioxide when it comes to supplying oxygen to the bodyband releasing gases.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

filters, warms, and humidifies the air.

A

Nasal Cavity

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3
Q

The respiratory system is crucial for gas exchange in the body, primarily facilitating the intake of WHAT and the removal of carbon dioxide.

A

oxygen

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4
Q

The respiratory system is crucial for gas exchange in the body, primarily facilitating the intake of oxygen and the removal of WHAT.

A

carbon dioxide

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5
Q

A passageway for air and food; connects the nasal cavity to the larynx.

A

Pharynx

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5
Q

Houses the vocal cords and plays a role in sound production; also protects the trachea against food aspiration

A

Larynx

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5
Q

Bronchi: Two main branches from the trachea that lead to each lung; further divide into what are thhose

A

smaller bronchi and bronchioles

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6
Q

Protection: The respiratory system helps filter out pathogens and irritants through WHAT

A

mucus and cilia

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6
Q

Two main branches from the trachea that lead to each lung; further divide into smaller bronchi and bronchioles

A

Bronchi

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6
Q

The windpipe that conducts air to the bronchi; lined with cilia and mucus to trap particles.

A

Trachea

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6
Q

Main organs of respiration; contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs

A

Lungs

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6
Q

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

By controlling the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, the respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance.

A

Regulation of Blood pH

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7
Q

Function of Respiratory System

A

Gas Exchange
Regulation of Blood pH
Protection
Sound Production

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7
Q

Regulation of Blood pH: By controlling the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, the respiratory system helps maintain WHAT

A

acid-base balance.

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8
Q

The respiratory system helps filter out pathogens and irritants through mucus and cilia

A

Protection

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8
Q

The larynx facilitates vocalization and communication.

A

Sound Production

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8
Q

Main components and its Function: The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea\
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli:]

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8
Q

The respiratory system does two very important things:

A

It brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly

It helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.

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9
Q

The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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9
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome
Affects infants
Disorder of prematurity
Incomplete maturation of the surfactant-producing system
Results in alveolar collapse with atelectasis

A

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

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9
Q

is a congenital disease.
Also known neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or NRDS

A

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

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10
Q

What will happen if we don,’t have enough surfactant? Most probably the lungs will WHAAT and have abnormal processes of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

collapse

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10
Q

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE is a congenital disease.
Also known as WHAT

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or NRDS

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10
Q

Primarily affects of infants who is premature or early pinapanganak
It chatactetize by difficulty breathing because we have insufficient yung surfactant sa lungs.

A

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

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11
Q

Surfactant is coated in tiny air sacs in the lungs, also since its coated which can help to prevent from collapsing, if the lungs collapsed another pathology disease which can lead to WHAT.

A

atelectasis.

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11
Q

Other organs can be affected which includes the salivary gland, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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11
Q

is coated in tiny air sacs in the lungs, also since its coated which can help to prevent from collapsing, if the lungs collapsed another pathology disease which can lead to atelectasis.

A

Surfactant

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11
Q

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE Treatment consist of:

A

PROPER THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

SATISFACTORY LEVELS OF TISSUE OXYGENATION

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12
Q

is to open alveoli para hindi magkaroon ng problem when it comes gas exchange

A

Surfactant

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12
Q

can be congenital or hereditary disease that affects the endocrine gland and the function of the respiratory system.

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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12
Q

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE Causes

A

Prematurity, most common, it occurs in infant pinapnganak bago ang 34 weeks

Surfactant deficiency

Maternal condition, yung mga nanay during pregnancy na may diabetes or hypertension, mataas ang risk na makapanganak ng baby na may hyaline membrane disease

Cesarean delivery, greater risk for patient

Genetic factors, some genetic disorder or disease can affect the lung development

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13
Q

Congenital disorder affecting exocrine gland function with respiratory effects including excessive secretions, obstruction of bronchial system, infection and tissue damage.

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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13
Q

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE Signs and symptoms

A

difficulty breathing

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13
Q

Treatment methods included anti- microbial drugs, bronchodilators, respiratory physical therapy and psychological guidance in order to help patient adjust to limitations to his/her quality of life.

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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13
Q

PNEUMONIA
The most frequent type of lung infection resulting in an inflammation of the lung. The main cause are the WHAAT

A

bacteria, virus and mycoplasm.

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14
Q

It is a chronic condition that is a long process that requires ongoing management and support
Patient with this kind of disorder it should check up daily in pulmonologists, dietitian and physical therapist as well psychological guidance to address the various of disease
When the patient have this type of disorder, its not only the lungs that can afffected mucus, sweat medyo makapal ang oaglabas nun. They are prone to infection and tissue damage. Maraming doctors na makakacollaborate
Quality of life is decrease and limited
Disease is not focused on the distraction or the damage of the respiratory but also other organs can affect if the patient has

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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14
Q

The most frequent type of lung infection resulting in an inflammation of the lung

A

PNEUMONIA

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14
Q

PNEUMONIA

Symptoms:

A

coughing, fever because of virus, chills, difficulty breathing and chest pain

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14
Q

There are several types of pneumonia

A

PNEUMOCOCCAL LOBAR PNEUMONIA
STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMOΝΙΑ
STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE
MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
ASPIRATION (CHEMICAL) PNEUMONIA

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15
Q

is an infection that can cause swelling in the air sacs it can be one lung or both lungs which may feel fluid or may be with pus.

A

pneumonia

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15
Q

pneumonia is an infection that can cause swelling in the air sacs it can be one lung or both lungs which may feel WHAT

A

fluid or may be with pus.

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15
Q

Most common bacterial pneumonia

A

PNEUMOCOCCAL LOBAR PNEUMONIA

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16
Q

Affects by an upper respiratory infection
Accompanied by the following:
Chills
Coughing
fever
Affects the alveoli of the lobes of the lungs

A

PNEUMOCOCCAL LOBAR PNEUMONIA

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17
Q

Though a common community pathogen, it is found twice as frequently in pneumonias in hospitalized patients.

A

Staphylococcal pneumonia

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17
Q

Staphylococcal pneumonia is caused by WHAATthat usually spread to the lung through the blood from other infected sites, most often the skin.

A

Staphylococcus aureus, gram-positive cocci

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17
Q

also known as legionellosis, is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of Legionella bacteria.

A

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE

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17
Q

is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, gram-positive cocci that usually spread to the lung through the blood from other infected sites, most often the skin.

A

Staphylococcal pneumonia

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17
Q

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE Signs and symptoms

A

cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2-10 days after exposure from the patient who has pneumonia.

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17
Q

Name given to a severe, bacterial pneumonia

A

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE

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18
Q

PNEUMOCOCCAL LOBAR PNEUMONIA Treatment is by giving

A

antibiotics and bedrest

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18
Q

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE also known as legionellosis, is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of WHAT bacteria.

A

Legionella bacteria.

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18
Q

In fact, pneumonia caused by Μycoplasm pneumonia is sometimes referred to as WHAAAAAAT since symptoms tend to be milder than pneumonia caused by other germs.

A

“walking pneumonia”

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18
Q

Most commonly na nagiging nosocomial infection that can acquire to patient

A

Staphylococcal pneumonia

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18
Q

Caused by acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract
Chest x-ray will show edema produced by irritation of the air passages.

A

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

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18
Q

In fact, pneumonia caused by Μycoplasm pneumonia is sometimes referred to as “walking pneumonia” since symptoms tend to be milder than pneumonia caused by other HWAT

A

germs.

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18
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a type of WHAT bacteria that commonly causes mild infections of the respiratory system.

A

“atypical” bacteria

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19
Q

BRONCHIECTASIS Causes:

A

Causes: chronic infection, autoimmune disease or genetic condition like cystic fibrosis

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19
Q

A permanent, abnormal dilatation of one or more large bronchi occurring as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

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19
Q

is a type of “atypical” bacteria that commonly causes mild infections of the respiratory system.

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

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19
Q

Is a condition in which the bronchial tube are permanently enlarged and damage leading to frequent infection

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

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19
Q

Even more rare
Appearance localized around the bronchi, in the lower lobes
Antibiotic therapy is the treatment

A

STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA

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19
Q

LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE also known as WHAT , is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of Legionella bacteria.

A

legionellosis

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20
Q

Spread in airborne droplets (stays in air) come from infected person
Common in radiology department
Chromic cough (more than 3 months)

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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20
Q

in TUBERCULOSIS
WHAT are more commonly seen in the apical region of the chest.

A

Lesions (scars in lungs)

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20
Q

It takes a lot of time to damage to inflamed the lung of the patient exposed in mining.

A

SILICOSIS

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20
Q

commonly referred to as the “black lung disease’ which results from inhaling of coal dust and associated with coal workers.

A

ANTHRACOSIS

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20
Q

in TUBERCULOSIS
Lesions (scars in lungs) are more commonly seen in theWHAT region

A

in the apical region of the chest.

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20
Q

TUBERCULOSIS
An infection caused by inhalation of WHAAT

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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20
Q

ANTHRACOSIS
commonly referred to as the WHATwhich results from inhaling of coal dust and associated with coal workers.

A

“black lung disease’

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20
Q

Symptoms of TUBERCULOSIS

A

persistent cough
chest pain
Sometimes when severe they cough blood
Night sweats
Weight loss
Fatigue

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20
Q

This refers to a group of disorders that cause chronic airways obstruction.

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

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20
Q

It is a progressive lung disease that make it harder to breathe.

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

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20
Q

COPD Causes

A

mainly long term exposure to irritants (tobacco smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes)

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20
Q

COPD Symptoms

A

Shortness of breath
Chronic cough
May tunog ang hinga
Naninikip ang dibdib, hindi masakit pero naninikip and dibdib

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20
Q

BRONCHIECTASIS Symptoms:

A

chronic cough (more than 3 month)

production of large amount of sputum,

frequent having a respiratory infection

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20
Q

An infection caused by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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20
Q

COPD The most The common forms of it are:

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema.

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20
Q

Most often arises from long term, heavy smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections

A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

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20
Q

are the primary symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

Persistent cough and expectoration (expulsion of mucus or phlegm from the throat)

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20
Q

is asymptomatic, with signs appearing when the lesion if large enough to be seen on a Chest Radiograph

A

Early pulmonary TB

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20
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Most often arises from WHAT 2 CAUSES, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both bacterial and viral infections

A

long term, heavy smoking

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20
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Most often arises from long term, heavy smoking, which irritates the mucous lining of the bronchial tree, increasing susceptibility to both WHAT

A

bacterial and viral infections

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20
Q

can reduce the presence of infection

A

Antibiotics

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20
Q

A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration

A

EMPHYSEMA

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21
Q

EMPHYSEMA
A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become WHAT, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration

A

distended

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21
Q

EMPHYSEMA
A condition in which the lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from WHAT

A

loss of elasticity or interference with expiration

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21
Q

The primary symptom of emphysema is

A

dyspnea

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21
Q

results as the disease progresses appearing radiographically as a depressed or flattened diaphragm abnormally radiolucent lungs and an increase retrosternal air space or barrel-shaped chest.

A

Hyperinflation

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21
Q

A group of occupational disease on which inhalation of foreign inorganic dust materials result in lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis.

A

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

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21
Q

PNEUMOCONIOSIS Symptoms:

A

Cough
Difficulty breathing
Gradual decline in lung function

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21
Q

PNEUMOCONIOSIS Causes

A

Asbestos
Silica
Coal dust

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21
Q

is a disease that can result in eruption from the volcano. It is an irritation from the lungs because of the dust that was inhaled because of the eruption of the volcano.

A

Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

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21
Q

The three primary types of pneumoconiosis are:

A

SILICOSIS
ANTHRACOSIS
ASBESTOSIS

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21
Q

inhaling of WHATcommon among miners, grinders and sandblasters.

A

silica (quartz)

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21
Q

inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters. It is characterized radiographically by multiple small, rounded opaque nodules. Sometimes referred to as “eggshell calcifications”

A

SILICOSIS

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21
Q

SILICOSIS
inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters. It is characterized radiographically by WHAT. Sometimes referred to as “eggshell calcifications”

A

multiple small, rounded opaque nodules

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21
Q

SILICOSIS
inhaling of silica (quartz) common among miners, grinders and sandblasters. It is characterized radiographically by multiple small, rounded opaque nodules. Sometimes referred to as WHAT

A

“eggshell calcifications”

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21
Q

ANTHRACOSIS
commonly referred to as the “black lung disease’ which results from WHTA

A

inhaling of coal dust and associated with coal workers.

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21
Q

ASBESTOS
result from WHAT. Radiographically, diaphragmatic pleural calcifications are very suggestive of this disease

A

inhaling asbestos dust

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21
Q

ASBESTOS
result from inhaling asbestos dust. Radiographically, WHAT are very suggestive of this disease

A

diaphragmatic pleural calcifications

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21
Q

A localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris. The abscesses may result pneumonia, from neoplasm pr other organism that invade the lungs

A

LUNG ABSCESS

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21
Q

Collection of pus within the lung tissue because of an infection
Often arises because of bacteria infection, sspiration of pnuemonia

A

LUNG ABSCESS

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21
Q

LUNG ABSCESS Symptoms:

A

Cough
Dumura ng phelgm may amoy mabaho because abscess may patay ma tissue sa area ng lungs
Fever
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing

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22
Q

Consists of accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Treatment or both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.

A

EMPYEMA

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22
Q

Consists of accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. Treatment or both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.

A

EMPYEMA

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22
Q

EMPYEMA Consists of WHAT. Treatment or both includes antibiotic therapy and possible fluid drainage.

A

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

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22
Q

is the spaces between the lungs and the chest wall

A

Pleural cavity

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22
Q

EMPYEMA Symptoms

A

Chest pain
Fever
Cough
Difficulty breathing
Noticing bulge in chest area

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22
Q

EMPYEMA Causes

A

Complications of pneumonia or other lung infection

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22
Q

Inflammation of the pleura used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain

A

PLEURISY

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22
Q

It is indicative of serious condition such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, or malignant disease

A

PLEURISY

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22
Q

Pain in varying intensity is usually distributed to one side or the other and along the intercostal nerve roots.

A

PLEURISY

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22
Q

is a membrane surrounds the lungs, inflamed

A

Pleura

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22
Q

PLEURISY Symptoms:

A

Sharp chest pain
Worse in breathing or coughing
Shortness of breath

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22
Q

PLEURISY Causes

A

infection, autoimmune disease, and pulmonary embolism

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22
Q

Excess fluid collection in the pleural cavity and is a frequent manifestation of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

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22
Q

Pleural effusion containing blood is called

A

hemothorax

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22
Q

PLEURAL EFFUSION Radiographic signs include blunting of the WHAT PART best seen on an erect lateral projection of the chest and also the lateral decubitus is of great value in diagnosing pleural effusion

A

costophrenic angle

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22
Q

Buildup of fluid in pleural space surrounding lungs.
Because of the infection, malignancies or other inflammatory condition
Can also result in heart failure
To determine the excess fluid need to take a fluid as an example and undergo in the laboratory, check what is the reason why it excess fluid pleral effusion, thoracentesis.
Thoracentesis uses ultrasound as guidance. To check there is an amount of fluid in lungs. 150 ml uses a syringe for aspiration. If more than 150 ml need to drain

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

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22
Q

Refers to the infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

A

SINUSITIS

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22
Q

Common causes are exposure to extremes in humidity and temperature or a deviated septum and its symptoms include nasal discharge and a headache

A

SINUSITIS

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22
Q

Radiography is important in diagnosing this condtion and an upright sinus radiographs will demonstrate increased density and possible air-fluid levels in the affected sinuses.

A

SINUSITIS

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22
Q

SINUSITIS
Refers to the infection and inflammation of the WHAT

A

paranasal sinuses.

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22
Q

SINUSITIS

Common causes are exposure to extremes in humidity and temperature or a deviated septum and its symptoms include WHAT

A

nasal discharge and a headache

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22
Q

Radiography is important in diagnosing sinusitis and an upright sinus radiographs will demonstrate increased WHAT in the affected sinuses.

A

increased density and possible air-fluid levels

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22
Q

Inflammaton or swelling of tissue linings in sinuses. It can block and filled the fluid it can cause by infection, allergies and other factor that affects the sinus drainage.

A

SINUSITIS

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22
Q

SINUSITIS Symptoms:

A

Nasal congestion
pain in facial kapag pinindot ang forehead may masakit ang malapit sa cheeks)
Headaches
Reduce sense of smelling
Fever

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22
Q

It is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.

A

ATELECTASIS

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22
Q

is one of the most common breathing (respiratory) complications after surgery.

A

ATELECTASIS

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22
Q

It is not a disease but a sign of an abnormal process.

A

ATELECTASIS

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22
Q

Complete or partial collapse of entire lungs or one lobe area.
Kapag nagcollapse it reduce it difficult of gas exchange in affected area

A

ATELECTASIS

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22
Q

ATELECTASIS Causes:

A

Obstruction of mucus, foreign bodies or tumor

Compression (pressure from outside the lungs because of the tumor, fluid or the air)

Inactivity (matagal ng bedrest si oatient or shallowing breathing after the surgery it can leads to lung collapse

Surfactant deficiency - lack of surfactant commonly see on premature babies

22
Q

Occurs when free air is trapped in the pleural space and compresses the lung tissue

A

PNEUMOTHORAX

22
Q

Very common to patient that can penetrate or nasasaksak sa chest area
Presence of air in pleural spaces which can lead to collapse of the lung on the affected side

A

PNEUMOTHORAX

23
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX Causes:

A

Injury to chest or traumatic (rib fracture or nasaksak or because of the medical procedure of the lung biopsy.

Spontaneous (pwede dahil may COPD or other factors that may affect the respiratory system

Secondary (underlying condition emphysema or cyctic fibrosis)

23
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX Treatment:

A

Observation

needle decompression

chest tube placement

Surgery

23
Q

Common causes of pneumothorax include:

A

Penetrating chest trauma

Spontaneous blowout of a bleb (a flaccid vesicle, like a blister)

Postoperative aspiration

23
Q

Occasionally, wrinkle on patient’s skin produce artifacts that can mimic a pneumothorax which is called .

A

pseudopneumothorax.

23
Q

It is been seen on an erect expiration chest radiograph

A

pneumothorax

23
Q

Usually benign but it is included under the WHO classification of lung cancer due to its tendencies to invade local tissues.

A

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA

23
Q

It is a rare type and it usually it is a benign tumors and growing in bronchial epithelium
They can cause symptoms due to obstruction of airways and mucus production

A

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA

23
Q

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA Two types:

A

Carcinoid tumors - most common type of bronchial adenoma which can be usually benign and the problem it is aggressive
Mucus gland adenoma - also known as bronchial hamartomas

23
Q

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA Causes:

A

still unclear, other say it can be related in smoking or environmental factors or mode of work

23
Q

BRONCHIAL ADENOMA Treatment:

A

Surgical resection - for symptoms or malaki ang tumor, and if maliit lang ang tumor inoobserve lang for treatment planning.

23
Q

most common type of bronchial adenoma which can be usually benign and the problem it is aggressive

A

Carcinoid tumors

23
Q

also known as bronchial hamartomas

A

Mucus gland adenoma

23
Q

Mucus gland adenoma also known as WHAT

A

bronchial hamartomas

23
Q

Is a type of lung cancer that originated in bronchial epithelium and it is one of the leading cause cancer related death worldwide

A

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

23
Q

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
Is a type of lung cancer that originated in WHAT and it is one of the leading cause cancer related death worldwide

A

bronchial epithelium

23
Q

The most common fatal primary malignancy of the lung and has four main types:

A

Squamous cell
Small cell
Large cell
Adenocarcinoma

23
Q

Categorized in two types in BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

A

Non small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer /carcinoma

23
Q

Non small cell lung cancer
includes the

A

Non small cell lung cancer

23
Q

it is more aggressive and it associated with the smoking

A

Small cell lung cancer /carcinoma

23
Q

in BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA, A common radiograph representation is an airway obstruction and as the tumor grows, it maybe include the bronchus producing

A

atelectasis and pneumonitis

23
Q

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA Treatment is

A

done by respiratory therapy treatment such as coughing and deep breathing.

23
Q

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA Causes

A

Primary factor is smoking (kapag kinukuhaan ng medical history)

Environmental factors (exposure, irritants from dust, pollution asbestos and coal dust)

23
Q

Modality used to diagnosed: in cardio

A

Computed Tomography scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
X-RAY

23
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of WHAT

A

the heart, blood vessels, and blood

23
Q

Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

A

Cardiovascular System

23
Q

Also known as circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular System

23
Q

Essential transport of blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hormones throughout the body.

A

Cardiovascular System

23
Q

Cardiovascular System Also known as WHAT

A

circulatory system

23
Q

Cardiovascular System

Its primary function is to WHAT to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

A

transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood

23
Q

Cardiovascular System

Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry WHATback to the lungs.

A

deoxygenated blood

23
Q

Components: in cardiovascular system

A

Heart

Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)

Blood

23
Q

is muscular organ

A

Heart

23
Q

heart Divided into 4 chambers:

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

23
Q

away, carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to tissues

A

Arteries

24
Q

Largest artery is

A

AORTA.

24
Q

is nagbabalik ng deoxygenated blood back to heart, it has bulbs to prevent backflow

A

Veins

24
Q

tiny vessels in which exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and … which can happen between blood and tissue

A

Capillaries

24
Q

The blood - composed of

A

red blood cells, white blood cell, platelets, plasma

24
Q

carry oxygen

A

Red blood cells

24
Q

indicator or part of immune system, if ever that increase results of infection or problem with the immune system

A

White blood cells

24
Q

help in terms of clotting

A

Platelets

24
Q

liquid component carry nutrients, hormones, and waste.

A

Plasma

24
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular System:

A

Transportation

Regulation

Protection:

24
Q

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products like carbon dioxide.

A

Transportation

24
Q

Helps regulate body temperature, pH levels, and fluid balance.

A

Regulation

24
Q

The immune components in the blood defend against pathogens and foreign substances

A

Protection

24
Q

Two types of circulation:

A

systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation

24
Q

Common Cardiovascular Conditions:

A

Hypertension

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Heart Failure

Arrhythmias:

Valvular Heart Disease:

24
Q

High blood pressure that can lead to heart disease.
Some of the patient have this condition because of lifestyle or food that we eat, even very young age have this condition because of food

A

Hypertension

24
Q

Narrowing of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
Plaque or building up fats

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

24
Q

The heart’s inability to pump effectively.

A

Heart Failure

24
Q

Abnormal heart rhythms.

A

Arrhythmias

24
Q

Malfunction of heart valves.

A

Valvular Heart Disease

24
Q

Diagnostic Techniques: in cardiovascular system

A

Echocardiography

Electrocardiogram (ECG

Chest X-ray

CT and MRI

24
Q

Ultrasound to visualize heart structure and function.

A

Echocardiography

24
Q

Measure electrical activity of the heart.
Put in wrist or ankle

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

24
Q

.Provides images of the heart and lungs.

A

Chest X-ray

24
Q

Detailed imaging to assess heart and blood vessels.

A

CT and MRI

24
Q

is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the septum wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria).

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

24
Q

This allows blood to flow between the left and right atria, potentially leading to increased blood flow to the lungs.

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

24
Q

Defect in hole upper chamber

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

24
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Causes

A

unknown
Some says results genetic factor or environmental influences during pregnancy

24
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Treatment

A

Treatment: if small hole not required for treatment, if larger defect needed for surgical closure or catheter based procedure
Catheter based procedure is under the CAT lab or catheterization laboratory like angiography, angiogram etc.

24
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
is a WHAT characterized by a hole in the septum wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria).

A

congenital heart defect

24
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
is a congenital heart defect characterized by a WHAT
that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (the atria).

A

hole in the septum wall

24
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the septum wall that separates the WHAT

A

two upper chambers of the heart (the atria).

24
Q

is a congenital heart defect involving a hole in the septum between the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles).

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

24
Q

This defect permits oxygen-rich blood to flow from the left ventricle into the right ventricle, causing increased blood flow to the lungs.

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

24
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Causes

A

happen during fetal development and higher potential through genetic and environmental factors

24
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Treatment

A

if small, close on its own of larger defect need surgical repair.

24
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect involving a hole in the septum between WHAT

A

the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles).

24
Q

is a complex congenital heart defect that comprises

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

24
Q

Four specific abnormalities Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Pulmonary Stenosis

Overriding Aorta

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

24
Q

(narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle),

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

24
Q

the aorta is positioned above both ventricles)

A

Overriding Aorta

24
Q

thickening of the right ventricle). These issues lead to reduced blood flow to the lungs and oxygen-poor blood being circulated to the body.

A

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

24
Q

tetralogy of fallot
Cause

A

unknown, maybe associate with genetic condition like down syndrome

25
Q

tetralogy of fallot

Treatment

A

surgical repair, typically require in infancy or early childhood and patient need for recovery

25
Q

is a congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing of the aorta, typically just after the left subclavian artery.

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

25
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta is a congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing of the aorta, typically just after the WHAT

A

the left subclavian artery.

25
Q

This narrowing can restrict blood flow and lead to high blood pressure before the constriction and reduced blood flow beyond it.

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

25
Q

Narrowing of the aorta which can obstruct the blood flow

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

25
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta Cause:

A

unknown, maybe genetic syndrome

25
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta Treatment

A

surgical repair or option procedure like balloon angioplasty to widen the narrow section in aorta

25
Q

is a congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, fails to close after birth.

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

25
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital condition where the WHAT , a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, fails to close after birth.

A

ductus arteriosus

25
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, fails to WHAT

A

close after birth.

25
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Treatment:

A

if small pda no noeed for treatment, if larger opening need for medication, if hindi na kaya ng medication need for surgical closure

25
Q

is a congenital heart defect characterized by narrowing of the pulmonary valve or the outflow tract from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

25
Q

This narrowing obstructs blood flow from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

25
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis Causes:

A

it can be clusenetal? or related to other heart defects

25
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis Treatment

A

mild cases no need for treatment, if moderate to severe cases need for balloon valvuloplasty under in CAT lab

25
Q

is a condition involving narrowing of the aortic valve, which obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

A

Aortic Stenosis

25
Q

Aortic Stenosis is a condition involving narrowing of theWHAT, which obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

A

aortic valve

25
Q

This can lead to increased pressure in the left ventricle and reduced blood flow to the body.

A

Aortic Stenosis

25
Q

Aortic Stenosis Causes:

A

congenital, degenerative or age, associated with other condition

25
Q

Aortic Stenosis Treatment

A

depend on severity of condition, includes monitoring, balloon valvuloplasty, other surgical procedure which can widen

25
Q

is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve, causing it to be malformed and positioned lower than normal in the right ventricle.

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

25
Q

Ebstein’s Anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the WHAT
, causing it to be malformed and positioned lower than normal in the right ventricle.

A

tricuspid valve

25
Q

This can lead to tricuspid regurgitation (backward flow of blood) and may result in heart enlargement and arrhythmias.

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

25
Q

Ebstein’s Anomaly This can lead to WHAT and may result in heart enlargement and arrhythmias.

A

tricuspid regurgitation (backward flow of blood)

25
Q

Ebstein’s Anomaly Treatment

A

may involve medication to manage symptoms of patient and surgery to repair or replacement tricuspid valve

26
Q

Ebstein’s Anomaly Causes

A

unknown, maybe link to genetic factors

26
Q

is a serious congenital defect in which the positions of the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched.

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries

26
Q

This results in two separate circulations: oxygen-poor one (circulating through for blood the body) and one for oxygen- rich blood (circulating through the lungs

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries

26
Q

Transposition of the Great Arteries Cause:

A

unknown, or it may have a genetic laids or genetic disorder

27
Q

Transposition of the Great Arteries Treatment:

A

needed for immediate treatment or commonly involved surgery to switch the arteries and to established normal blood flow

28
Q

is a genetic condition characterized by the abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the ventricles.

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

29
Q

This can impede blood flow and affect the heart’s ability to pump effectively. The hereditary form is often passed down through families.

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

30
Q

Its is a condition in which muscle in heart having an abnormal thickening which can embed blood flow and lead to various complication

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

30
Q

is a hereditary form

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

30
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Causes:

A

often herited in a form of autosomal dominant pattern, mutation in genes in which that encode … results na makapal

30
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Treatment

A

medications to relieve symptoms, change of lifestyle, some cases pag nainaevaluate pwede isurgery or lagyan ng defibrillator

31
Q

is a localized dilation or bulging of the aorta, the major blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

A

An aortic aneurysm

31
Q

An aortic aneurysm is a WHAT, the major blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

A

localized dilation or bulging of the aorta

31
Q

can occur in any part of the aorta, but are most commonly found in the abdominal and thoracic regions. They can be life-threatening if they rupture.

A

Aneurysms

31
Q

Aneurysms can occur in any part of the aorta, but are most commonly found in WHAT. They can be life-threatening if they rupture.

A

most commonly found in the abdominal and thoracic regions.

32
Q

They can be life-threatening if they rupture.

A

Aneurysms

32
Q

Aortic Aneurysm
Causes:

A

Hypertensive

Condition of atherosclerosis

Genetic condition

Because of the lifestyle specifically smoking

32
Q

Aortic Aneurysm Treatment:

A

small aneurysm for monitoring, if larger or other symptoms require for surgical repair it can be through open surgery or endovascular stent grafting.

33
Q

is a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the arterial walls.

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

33
Q

This lead can to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain (angina) attacks or hearts.

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

34
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Causes:

A

high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obese and sedentary lifestyle (no any means of activity)

35
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Treatment

A

depends of severity of narrowing artery, maybe involved lifestyle changes or medicate or severe case under with surgery or angioplasty or bypass

35
Q

is a condition resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease.

A

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

35
Q

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Symptoms )

A

chest pain, often having M.I. (Myocardial infarction or heart attack)

35
Q

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Causes:

A

atherosclerosis, often results from spasm of coronary arteries or any other condition that can reduce blood flow.

35
Q

refers to the heart’s inability to pump effectively as a result of damage to the heart muscle (myocardium).

A

Heart failure due to myocardial degeneration .

35
Q

This can be caused by various factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, or degenerative changes in the heart muscle.

A

Heart Failure due to Myocardial Degeneration

36
Q

It is a condition in which the heart muscle weakening, can no longer lump effectively and often result from myocardial degeneration in which damage of the heart muscle

A

Heart Failure due to Myocardial Degeneration

36
Q

Heart Failure due to Myocardial Degeneration Common causes

A

CAD, hypertension, previous heart attack, and myocardial myopathies

36
Q

Heart Failure due to Myocardial Degeneration Treatment

A

medication, beta-blockers, diuretics, lifestyle changes and devices like heart transplantation or defibrillators depending on the condition of the patient

36
Q

is a progressive disease of the heart muscle that impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood.

A

Degenerative cardiomyopathy

37
Q

This condition can result from various factors, including genetic predispositions, aging, or chronic stress on the heart.

A

Degenerative Cardiomyopathy

37
Q

Term to describe a group of heart muscle disease characterized by a progressive disease or deterioration of the heart the ability to pump blood effectively

A

Degenerative Cardiomyopathy

37
Q

Degenerative Cardiomyopathy Causes:

A

unknown, idiopathic but if this can be related genetic or any chronic condition like hypertension, diabetes, or patient history of heart damage

37
Q

Degenerative Cardiomyopathy Treatment

A

medication, modify lifestyle and advance therapy like devices or heart transplantation

37
Q

is an acute inflammatory condition that primarily affects children and can lead to inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) particularly the coronary arteries.

A

Kawasaki Disease

37
Q

Symptoms include prolonged fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes, and redness of the eyes, lips, and mouth. If untreated, it can result in serious heart complications.
Is a rare but serious inflammatory condition

A

Kawasaki Disease

37
Q

Kawasaki Disease Causes:

A

unknown, idiopathic but it may trigger infection or environmental factors in genetic

37
Q

Kawasaki Disease Treatment:

A

high dose aspirin and commonly used to reduce inflammation and to prevent coronary artery complication

37
Q

History: happen in china, maraming patient na nagkaroon ng this kind of disease, nagdiscover ng sakit is japanese, and surname is _______, mataas ang rate ng vasculitis

A

Kawasaki Disease

37
Q

is a condition resulting from rheumatic fever, which can develop after untreated strep throat (scarlet fever).

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

37
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease is a condition resulting from rheumatic fever, which can develop after WHAT .

A

untreated strep throat (scarlet fever).

37
Q

It causes inflammation and damage to the heart valves, leading to valve stenosis or regurgitation. Symptoms may include fatigue, shortness mitral valve breath, and swelling

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

37
Q

Damaging heart valve and heart muscle
Cause by autoimmune response in streptococcal infection which affect the heart and high potential having an valve problems
Strep throat need to treat may other complication afterwards that may lead to rheumatic heart disease

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

37
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease Treatment:

A

long-term antibiotic intake to prevent occurrence of rheumatic fever and another medication is to manage symptoms, if severe cases considered surgery.

37
Q

is the inflammation of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. It can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or inflammatory conditions such as giant cell arteritis.

A

Aortitis

37
Q

Aortitis is the inflammation of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. It can be caused by WHAT

A

infections, autoimmune diseases, or inflammatory conditions such as giant cell arteritis.

37
Q

Symptoms may include fever, chest pain, and back pain, and it can lead to serious complications if not treated.
Possible causes: Aortitis

A

infection like syphilis and other inflammatory diseases

37
Q

Treatment: Aortitis

A

need to treat the underlying cause, what is the reason of aortitis bago macheck sa aorta
The surgical interventions is option to prevent kapag may lumalabas na other complication to the patient.

37
Q

is an inflammation of the heart associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.

A

Lupus Carditis

37
Q

It manifest can as pericarditis, myocarditis, or endocarditis, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations.

A

Lupus Carditis

37
Q

Form of heart disease, associated with lupus that can lead inflammatory or inflammation of heart and pericardium and heart valves and this may linked na lupus

A

Lupus Carditis

37
Q

Underlying cause: Lupus Carditis

A

lupus itself, these pathology is complication

37
Q

treatment: Lupus Carditis

A

manage the symptoms and reduce inflammation

37
Q

Lupus Carditis is an inflammation of the heart associated with WHAT, an autoimmune disease.

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

37
Q

a chronic autoimmune disease, immune system attacks the healthy tissue having a confusion of the immune system. Immune System should protect us from diseases and pathogens to avoid getting any disease. Having a problem with the skin, joints, kidney, heart and lungs, etc.

A

Lupus

37
Q

Exact cause of lupus:

A

unknown, it may involve genetic or evnirminetal or hormonal factors

37
Q

is a form of sarcoidosis that specifically affects the heart.

A

Cardiac Sarcoidosis

37
Q

It involves the formation of granulomas in the cardiac tissue, which can disrupt normal heart function and lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, and other cardiac complications. Symptoms may be subtle or may include fatigue and palpitations.

A

Cardiac Sarcoidosis

37
Q

Cause: Cardiac Sarcoidosis

A

unknown, it may involve abnormal immune response and trigger environmental factors of infections

37
Q

is a clusters of immune cells in heart tissues

A

Granulomas

37
Q

is a bruise of the heart muscle caused by blunt force trauma to the chest, such as in a car accident or sports injury.

A

Cardiac Contusion

37
Q

This condition can lead to damage of the heart tissue, arrhythmias, and, in severe cases, heart failure.
Management of monitoring of hospital checking rhythm and heart rate of patient or any other compilation. If severe cases, having an option of surgery.

A

Cardiac Contusion

37
Q

Cardiac contusion is a WHAT caused by blunt force trauma to the chest, such as in a car accident or sports injury.

A

bruise of the heart muscle

37
Q

Cardiac contusion is a bruise of the heart muscle caused by WHAT, such as in a car accident or sports injury.

A

blunt force trauma to the chest

38
Q

is the accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. It can result from trauma, myocardial rupture of a blood vessel, or certain medical conditions or complications of invasive procedures.

A

Hemopericardium

38
Q

This condition can lead to increased pressure on the heart and impair its ability to pump effectively

A

Hemopericardium

38
Q

Treatment: Hemopericardium

A

urgent drainage of the fluid to relieve a pressure from heart because of having a blood in pericardial sac having a pressure or difficult to pump easily

38
Q

occurs when a coronary artery is damaged and breaks, often due to trauma or severe atherosclerosis.

A

A ruptured coronary artery

38
Q

This can lead to significant bleeding and reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, resulting in a heart attack or other serious complications.

A

ruptured coronary artery

38
Q

Tear in coronary artery that can lead to life threatening bleeding or pagkawala ng blood supply dun sa heart muscle

A

ruptured coronary artery

38
Q

ruptured coronary artery Cause:

A

from trauma, aneurysm, or severe atherosclerosis

38
Q

is a medical emergency that occurs when fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial space, exerting pressure on the heart and hindering its ability to fill and pump effectively.

A

Cardiac tamponade

38
Q

Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, and hypotension. It can be caused by trauma, cancer, or infection.
Bawal magkaroon ng excessive or accumulation sa pericardial space because exterts prssure sa heart kapag may pressure sa heart hundi nagugung effective ang pumping.

A

Cardiac tamponade

38
Q

refers to the injury sustained to the heart or surrounding structures as a result of broken rib bones, typically from blunt trauma.

A

A fractured rib causing cardiac injury

38
Q

This can lead to complications such as cardiac contusion, hemopericardium, or even rupture of the heart or major blood vessels.

A

A fractured rib causing cardiac injury

38
Q

Abnormal growths within the heart, which can be benign (e.g., myxoma) or malignant (e.g., sarcomas).

A

Echocardiography, and MRI visualize CT, are used to the tumor’s location, size, and impact on heart function.

38
Q

Cardiac Tumors

Cause:

A

unknown, or may be linked genetic factor if certain condition that contribute to cardiac tumors

38
Q

Cardiac Tumors
Definition: Abnormal growths within the heart, which can be benign (e.g., WHAT) or malignant (e.g., WHAT).

A

benign (e.g., myxoma) or malignant (e.g., sarcomas).

38
Q

Tumors that occur in the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart. They can be primary or secondary or metastatic.
.

A

Pericardial Tumors

38
Q

Pericardial Tumors

Radiology:

A

MRI and CT scans help identify the presence and extent of tumors in the pericardial space.

38
Q

Lymphoma can infiltrate cardiac tissue or pericardium, affecting function. heart

A

Lymphoma Involvement in the Heart

38
Q

Form of cancer in which lymphatic tissue having a Involvement in heart, and it can be because of the primary cardiac lymphoma or its is because of involvement of systemic lymphoma

A

Lymphoma Involvement in the Heart

38
Q

Radiology: Lymphoma Involvement in the Heart

A

CT and MRI can reveal cardiac masses and pericardial effusion associated with lymphoma.

38
Q

cause: Lymphoma Involvement in the Heart

A

unknown, maybe link risk factor of HIV or AIDS or it can be also because of the autoimmune diseases.

38
Q

Treatment: Lymphoma Involvement in the Heart

A

typically chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both, or surgical intervention for specific cases especially with the lymphoma that can cause obstruction

38
Q

Secondary tumors that spread to the heart from other primary cancers, such as lung, breast, or melanoma.

A

Metastatic Disease to the Heart

38
Q

Radiology: Metastatic Disease to the Heart

A

CT scans and MRIs are used to detect masses in the heart or pericardium caused by metastasis.

38
Q

It’ s cancer that spread to heart from another part of the body, it’s more commonly in cardiac tumors

A

Metastatic Disease to the Heart

38
Q

Causes: Metastatic Disease to the Heart

A

most commonly associated with lungs, breast and other cancers

38
Q

Tumors affecting blood vessels, such as hemangiomas (benign) or angiosarcomas (malignant).

A

Vascular Tumors

38
Q

Vascular Tumors Radiology:

A

Ultrasound, CT, and MRI are utilized to evaluate the nature and extent of vascular tumors.

38
Q

Tumor growth from the vascular system

A

Vascular Tumors

38
Q

Vascular Tumors (benign) - often congenital

A

hemangiomas

38
Q

Vascular Tumors (malignant) - develop because of some risk factors example radiation exposure or chronic lymphedema

A

angiosarcomas

39
Q

Vascular Tumors Treatment:

A

benign vascular tumors no need require for treatment unless may nararamdaman siyang symptoms, while the malignant tumors typically require for surgical excision tinatanggal pero depende sa stage, depende sa location kung magiging safe ba kay patient na tanggalin ang tumor or baka magkaroon ng complications
Other treatment: malignant tumors it may include chemotherapy or radiation therapy

PATHO (4 decks)

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