MIDTERM SKELETAL Flashcards
is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body.
The skeletal system
The skeletal system is the body system composed of WHAT that perform essential functions for the human body.
bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues
is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support structure of the body.
Bone tissue, or osseous tissue
These bones are arranged into two major divisions:
the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones in the following regions:
Skull
Hyoid
Auditory ossicles
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral column
The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of how many bones
80 bones
The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the following regions:
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
The appendicular skeleton is made up of how many bones
126 bones
The skeletal system’s primary function is to form
a solid framework that supports and protects the body’s organs and anchors the skeletal muscles
act as a hard shell to protect the internal organs such as the brain and the heart from damage caused by external forces.
bones of the axial skeleton
provide support and flexibility at the joints and anchor the muscles that move the limbs.
bones of the appendicular skeleton
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
MOVEMENT
НЕМАТОPOIESIS
STORAGE
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: CONGENITAL/HEREDITARY DISEASES
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Osteopetrosis (marble bone)
Hand and foot malformations
Congenital dislocation of the hip
Vertebral anomalies
Cranial anomalies
A serious dominant, congenital disease that affects the newborn skeletal system.
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Due to its abnormal fragile bone, infants afflicted are born with multiple fractures.
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Also called BRITTLE BONE SYNDROME
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
The most common inherited disorder that results in malformation and dwarfism.
ACHONDROPLASIA
Due to cartilage located in the epiphyses of long bones that does not convert to a bone.
ACHONDROPLASIA
Patients with such condition present a normal size trunk but with shortened extremities.
ACHONDROPLASIA
Term characterizing various disorders that involves increase in bone density and defective bone contour (skeletal modeling)
OSTEOPETROSIS (MARBLE BONE)
also known as marble bone
OSTEOPETROSIS
is a common form of osteosclerotic osteoporosis that is considered a benign skeletal anomaly involving bone density.
ALBERS-SCHONBERG
failure of the fingers and toes to separate that gives a physical appearance of webbed digit.
SYNDACTYLY
what are teh two HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATIONS
SYNDACTYLY
POLYDACTYLY
types of POLYDACTYLY
preaxial (radial)
central
postaxial (ulnar)
the presence of extra digits.
POLYDACTYLY
A malformation of the acetabulum due to incomplete formation resulting in displacement of the head of the femur.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Very common in females and can be created through casting or splinting of the affected hip.
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Present at birth when your hip joint is dislocated or unstable because of this condition it’s hard for patients when it comes to movement and having potential joint problems later in life. Depend on extent or in severity of the condition of the patien
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Very common in females and can be created through WHAT
casting or splinting of the affected hip.
A soft brace that helps hold the baby’s legs in a position that allows their hip joint to be aligned and stable so that it develops correctly.
The Pavlik harness
is a “dynamic brace,” meaning that it is not rigid and allows the baby to move their legs.
But allows the hip joint to be aligned
The Pavlik harness
what device But allows the hip joint to be aligned
Pavlik harness
abnormality in vertebrae which can include missing vertebrae or fused of vertebrae or malformations. If patient have abnormality have a higher potential in movement and posture.
VERTEBRAL ANOMALIES
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine that tends to affect female more frequently can either be convex to the right in the thoracic region or left in the lumbar region.
SCOLIOSIS
SCOLIOSIS
can be corrected by doing what
surgically or by placing a brace or body cast.
an incomplete closure of the vertebral canal particularly in the lumbosacral area which results in failure of bony fusion of the two laminae that is visible radiographically.
SPINA BIFIDA
an abnormality in the structure of the skull which can include craniosynostosis.
CRANIAL ANOMALIES
premature or early closure of any of the cranial suture.
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
causes an overgrowth in the fused sutures allowing the brain to grow, thus altering the shape of the head.
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
ANENCEPHALY
3 factors:
genes, environmental and multifactorial (combination of two,)
results in no formation of the brain and cranial vault leaving only the facial bones to be formed. This result in death can be diagnosed by sonography and radiography.
ANENCEPHALY
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
Osteomyelitis
Tuberculosis
Arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Osteoarthritis
Inflammation of associated joint structures
An infection of the bone and bone marrow resulting from a direct infection such as an open fracture.
OSTEOMYELITIS
Generally affected are the infants and children because of low resistance combined with the virulence of the organism.
OSTEOMYELITIS
In adults, it affects the ends of the long bones of the lower limbs.
OSTEOMYELITIS
Usually cause by bacteria, it can lead inflammation, pain and bone destruction in the ends of lower limbs.
OSTEOMYELITIS
chronic inflammatory disease affecting the ends tong bones or of the spine. Radiographically displays a worm-eaten appearance infecting the joint spaces.
TUBERCULOSIS
the tuberculosis of the spine causing softening and eventual collapse of the vertebrae resulting in abscess formation pressure in spinal cord.
POTT’S DISEASE
Bacterial infection primarily affects the lungs and can spread of the body bones and joints and having a painful condition, if the patient have a tuberculosis in bones and joints or specifically in spine.
TUBERCULOSIS
Defined as inflammation of the joints
ARTHRITIS
commonly pyogenic arthritis caused by staphylocci, streptocci and gonococci.
ACUTE ARTHRITIS
ACUTE ARTHRITIS: commonly WHAT
commonly pyogenic arthritis caused by staphylocci, streptocci and gonococci.
chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the synovial joints; common in women aged 20 to 50.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
.
Caused pain, swelling and stifness, lessen the mobility
ARTHRITIS
A progressive form of arthritis that is a chronic condition affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints of males aged 10 to 30 years.
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
A progressive form of arthritis that is a chronic condition affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints of males aged from what
males aged 10 to 30 years.
It leads to rigidity and fixation making the spine a rigid block of bone referred to as a bamboo spine resulting in bone fusion (ankylosis)
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Type of inflammatory arthritis which affects the spine, the patient’s severe pain and stiffness can result from fusion over time.
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
The most common type of arthritis known for as degenerative joint disease.
OSTEOARTHRITIS
OSTEOARTHRITIS
The most common type of arthritis known for as
degenerative joint disease.
Affects male and female equally resulting from a inflammatory non- deterioration of the joint cartilage that occurs with the normal wear and tear of aging
OSTEOARTHRITIS
normal function of wear using the abnormal in using usually old age, gamit na gamit na yung part of the joint other example in athlete.
Wear and tear
TWO TYPES OF INFLAMMATION OF ASSOCIATED JOINT STRUCTURES
TENDONITIS
BURSITIS
inflammation of the tendons (connective tissues attaching the muscles to the bones, enclosed in a sheath)
TENDONITIS
inflammation of the bursa (bursea) which is surrounded with synovial membrane.
bursitis
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: METABOLIC DISEASES
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Paget’s disease
Acromegaly
bone its overly dense.
Osteopetrosis
its a bone that loss of bone density.
osteoporosis
A metabolic disorder common in women post menopause. There is an abnormal decrease in bone density.
OSTEOPOROSIS
in postmenopausal women, hormone estrogen is decreased or lost causing the bones to become “porous”.
OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOPOROSIS
in postmenopausal women, hormone estrogen is decreased or lost causing the bones to become “what”.
“porous”.
Its severity leads to a compressión fracture.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Condition in where weakening of bones and prone in fracture because loss of density and mass associated in aging, hormonal changes or certain medications. Its severity can lead to compression fracture.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Metabolic condition due to lack of calcium in the tissues and a failure of bone to calcify.
OSTEOMALACIA
Metabolic condition due to lack of calcium in the tissues and a failure of bone to WHAT.
calcify
Results from inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D.
OSTEOMALACIA
Results from inadequate intake of WHAT
calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D.
is caused by vitamin D deficiency in children.
Rickets
Rickets is caused by WHAT in children.
vitamin D deficiency
Softening of the bones, softening because it lacks vitamin d, calcium and phosphate. Bone pain and weakness increase risk of fracture. Most like in adult.
OSTEOMALACIA
is the most common in elderly of unknown etiology.
PAGET’S DISEASE
Chronic disorder when its affect the normal cycle of bone remodeling, the normal cycle affects it can result in enlargement, weak bone it can lead to pain , deformity, fractures. Most common in elderly unknown in etiology, affects the spine, skull and long bone
PAGET’S DISEASE
Affects the pelvis, spine, skull and the long bones.
PAGET’S DISEASE
Complications may lead to hearing and vision disturbances and even to malignant neoplastic disease of the skeletal system, osteogenic sarcoma.
paget’s disease
An endocrine disorder due to disturbance of the pituitary gland.
ACROMEGALY
It is a slowly progressive disease in in which n which there is an increase in growth of the hormone that will thicken and make the bone coarse because of the epiphyses. closing and bone that does not grow in length anymore
ACROMEGALY
It is endocrine disorder because something pituitary gland, it has a benign tumor locate in pituitary gland it has a abnormality in pituitary gland it can excess growth hormone because of that release of growth hormones it lead of abnormal growth of tissue, vine especially the feet, hands and face because the excess growth of hormone.
acromegaly
A discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical forces either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the line of a bone
fractures
A discontinuity of bone caused by what either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the line of a bone
Fractures
A discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical forces either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the
line of a bone
one in which the bone penetrate the skin.
OPEN OR COMPOUND FRACTURES
one in which the skin is not penetrated, thus reducing the chance of infection.
CLOSED FRACTURE
these in which the bone has separated in two fragments.
COMPLETE, NON-COMMINUTED FRACTURE
those in which only part of the bony structure gives way, with little or no displacement.
INCOMPLETE
types of fractures:
TRANSVERSE
FISSURE
Oblique
Spiral
Longitudinal
Impacted
Torus
Comminuted
Double
Avulsion
Stress/Fatigue
Pathologic
COMMON FRACTURE:
COMMON FRACTURE:
Bennett’s Fracture
Colle’s
Smith’s
Supracondylar:
Carpal-Navicular Fracture
Pott’s
Hip Fracture
Bimalleolar Fracture
Trimalleolar Fracture
Fracture of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal
Stellate Fracture
Butterfly
Greenstick
Multiple
Chip
Penetrating
Boxer’s:
Monteggia
complete fractures that are at right angles to the long axis of the bone
TRANSVERSE
a type of incomplete fracture that extends from the surface into but not all the way through a long bone.
FISSURE
the axis of the fracture is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the bone. The length and angle of the fracture depend on the rotational stress
Oblique
the bone appears to be This is very common in the humerus, and especially the tibia of skiers twisted apart.
Spiral
a lengthwise break in bone
Longitudinal
one bone fragment is driven into another
Impacted
a type of impacted fracture that is especially common in the distal radius of children.
Torus
the bone is separated into two or more and often numerous fragments
Comminuted
fracture of a bone in two district places
Double
occur when fragment of bone is pulled away from the shaft
Avulsion
fractures that usually occur as a result of a strong, violent force
Stress/Fatigue
Occur at sites of maximal strain on a bone, usually in connection with unaccustomed activity
Stress/Fatigue
commonly a transverse fracture occurring in abnormal bone that is weakened by various disease
Pathologic
a fractures of the base of the first metacarpal with involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint
Bennett’s Fracture
a fracture through the distal one-inch of the radius.
Colle’s
a reverse Colle’s fracture with displacement toward the palmar aspect of the hand
Smith’s
a common pediatric fracture in which there is an alteration in the alignment of the condyles may come to lie directly under the shaft of the humerus
Supracondylar
usually caused by falling on one’s hand
Carpal-Navicular Fracture
involves both malleoli, with dislocations of the ankle joint
Pott’s
the exact location and severity of a hip fracture depend on the direction of the forces involved. -The most common type of hip fractures include subcapital, transcervical and interthrocanteric
Hip Fractures
a fracture of the lateral and medial mallelous.
Bimalleolar Fracture
has three components: the medial and lateral mallelous and the posterior distal tibia
Trimalleolar Fracture
a common transverse fracture that occurs when the foot is suddenly twisted when the ankle pronates
Fracture of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal
occurs when a person falls directly on the patellae, shattering it
Stellate Fracture
a communited fracture in which there are one or more wing or wedge shaped fragments split off from the main fragments
Butterfly
in which the cortex breaks on one side without separation or breaking of the opposing cortex
Greenstick
another type of complete, non-communited fracture in which two or more complete sampling to fractures occur involving the shaft of a single bone.
Multiple
an avulsion fracture of a small fragmentof bone from the cornet of a phalanx or other long bone
chip
type of incomplete fracture resulting from penetration by a sharp object such a bullet or a knife
Penetrating
occurs when the fifth metacarpal fractures as a result of a blow to or with the hand
Boxer’s
one of the proximal third of the ulna shift, with anterior dislocation of the radial head
Monteggia
cerebral cranial features
LINEAR
DEPRESSED
BASILAR SKULL FRACTURES:
appear as straight sharply defined, non-branching lines and are intensely radiolucent
LINEAR
appears as curvilinear density because the fracture edges are overlapped.
DEPRESSED
very difficult to demonstrate radiographically.
BASILAR SKULL FRACTURES
Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus and/or clouding of the mastoid air cells are often the only radiographic finding suggesting a fracture.
BASILAR SKULL FRACTURES
VISCERAL CRANIAL FRACTURE
FACIAL BONE:
ZYGOMATIC ARCH FRACTURE:
MANDIBULAR FRACTURE
FRACTURES OF THE MAXILLA
BLOW-OUT:
TRIPOD
NASAL BONE FRACTURE
generally result from a blow to the face
FACIAL BONE
maybe difficult to recognize initially because of the edema.
ZYGOMATIC ARCH FRACTURE
generally detected by the patients inability to open the mouth and pain when moving the mandible.
MANDIBULAR FRACTURE.
serious because of the adjacent nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbit and close proximity of the brain
FRACTURES OF THE MAXILLA
results from a direct blow to the front of the orbit, thus transferring the force to the orbital walls and floor.
BLOW-OUT
occurs when the zygomatic or malar bone is fractured at all three sutures: frontal, temporal and maxillary.
TRIPOD
may be accompanied by a fracture of the ascending process of the maxillae and/or the nasal septum, which is composed of the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
NASAL BONE FRACTURE
implies that a bone is out of its joint and not in contact with its normal articulation.
Dislocations
is a partial dislocation, often occurring with a fracture
Subluxation
The causes of vertebral column injuries include
direct trauma, hyperextension-flexion injuries (whiplash), osteoporosis or metastatic destruction.
Perhaps the most common condition of the vertebral column is generalized WHAT PAIN, typically in the lumbar area.
back pain
Perhaps the most common condition of the vertebral column is generalized back pain, typically in the WHAT area.
lumbar area.
T OR F. Such back pain may not always result from bony involvement.
true
T or F Such back pain may always result from bony involvement.
false
can cause muscle spasm with pain referral throughout the back
disk disease
back pain may be secondary to referred pain from the WHAT PART.
hip
are the most frequent type of injury involving a vertebral body.
Compression fractures
is a fracture of the arch of the second cervical vertebrae and is usually accompanied by anterior subluxation of the second cervical vertebrae or the third cervical vertebrae.
Hangman’s fracture
exists when there is a cleft or breaking down, of the body of the vertebral between the superior and inferior articular processes (pars interarticularis). Typically this occurs in the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebrae and appears radiographically as a “collar” or “broken neck” on the Scotty dog appearance and is demonstrated on an oblique projection of the lumbar spine, When forward slippage of the vertebral column off a vertebrae occurs because of spondylolysis, it is known as spondylolithesis. The patient with this condition may present symptoms identical to those of a herniated disk.
Spondylolysis
Spondylolysis exists when there is a cleft or breaking down, of the body of the vertebral between the WHAT. .
the superior and inferior articular processes (pars interarticularis)
Spondylolysis
Typically this occurs in the WHAT vertebrae
the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebrae
Spondylolysis
Typically this occurs in the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebrae and appears radiographically as a WHAT .
“collar” or “broken neck” on the Scotty dog appearance
Spondylolysis
demonstrated on an WHAT projection of the what spine
oblique projection of the lumbar spine
Spondylolysis
When forward slippage of the vertebral column off a vertebrae occurs because of spondylolysis, it is known as WHAT
spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
The patient with this condition may present symptoms identical to those of WHAT.
a herniated disk.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: NEOPLASTIC DISEASES
Osteochondroma
Osteoma
Endochondroma
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoclastoma (giant cell tumor)
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
Ewing’s sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Metastasis
It is a benign bone tumor consists of bone and cartilage and often forming a lump in surface of bone usually, most likely seen in children and adolescents.
OSTEOCHONDROMA
The most common benign bone tumor, which arises from the growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, also called the
metaphysis.
what condition Most commonly it involves the lower femur or upper tibia and is capped by growing cartilage.
OSTEOCHONDROMA
are asymptomatic unless the affected long bone is traumatized, which results in a pathologic fracture of the diseased bone
osteochondromas
is a fairly rare growth most commonly located in the skull.
osteoma
These lesions are composed of very dense, well circumscribe, normal bone tissue that usually projects into the orbits or paranasal sinuses.
osteoma
Another term associated with osteoma of the skull is WHAT
hyperostosis frontalis interna
It is also a benign tumor which develops in skull of facial bone, slow growth rate typically no symptoms.
osteoma
It is a benign cartilaginous tumor that occurs within the bone and is seen in hands, feet, and can cause pain swelling where it grows.
ENCHONDROMA
is a slow- growing benign tumor composed of cartilage.
enchondroma.
enchondroma, It grows in the marrow space and most commonly affects the small bones of the hands and feet in individuals between the ages of what.
ages of 10 and 30 years.
Multiple growths termed WHAT., may also occur in childhood and like multiple osteochondromas may undergo malignant transformation.
enchondromatosis
Common benign tumor in skeletal system, it is a small benign tumor that typically causes localized pain, where the tumor doon lang ang pain, mas malala sa gabi. Medication is pain reliever, non-steoroidal anti inflamamtory drugs. Usually Growth in long bones.
osteoid osteoma
These fibrous tumors occur twice as often in males compared with females and almost always develop before the age of 30 years.
osteoid osteoma
in osteoid osteoma, These fibrous tumors occur twice as often in males compared with females and almost always develop before the age of what
before the age of 30 years.
Osteoid osteomas are commonly found in what
the femur, tibia or spine of the young adult.
Refers to a group of tumors characterized by the presence of numerous, multinucleated, osteoclastic giant cells.
OSTEOCLASTOMA (GIANT CELL TUMOR)
This neoplasms affects the sexes equally and is found in individuals between the ages of 20 to 30 years.
OSTEOCLASTOMA (GIANT CELL TUMOR)
Anatomically thus disease tends to affect the ends of epiphyses of long bones, especially the lower femur, upper tibia and lower radius.
OSTEOCLASTOMA (GIANT CELL TUMOR)
Typically benign but aggressive tumor and usually growth in around knee joint it can cause bone destruction and if remove the tumor it can occur again.
OSTEOCLASTOMA (GIANT CELL TUMOR)
Except for myeloma, the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton is this typeof condition, which arises from osteoblasts.
OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)
Except for what condition the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton is the osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoblasts.
myeloma
This neoplasm is most frequently found in the metaphysis of long bones, with approximately 50% affecting the knee
OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)
OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)
This neoplasm is most frequently found in the metaphysis of long bones, with WHAT
approximately 50% affecting the knee
It is a malignant bone tumor and usually occurs in long bones, adolescent and young adult. It is a aggressive and it can spread to other part of the body.
OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)
This neoplasm occurs at a younger age than any other primary malignant bone neoplasm, usually between the ages of 5 to 15 years and rarely occurs after the age of 30 years.
ewing’s sarcoma
Another primary malignant bone tumor is an Ewing’s sarcoma. This neoplasm occurs at a younger age than any other primary malignant bone neoplasm, usually between the ages of WHAT
ages of 5 to 15 years and rarely occurs after the age of 30 years
arises from the medullary canal and involves the bone more diffusely, giving rise to uniform thickening of the bone.
ewing’s sarcoma
It is a malignant bone that is usually seen in young adults and it affects the pelvis, legs and arms. It is characterized by specific genetic mutation and itbis aggressive.
EWING’S SARCOMA
is a malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin and is composed of a typical cartilage.
chondrosarcoma
It is about half as common as osteosarcoma and comprises approximately 10% of all malignant tumors of the skeletal system.
CHONDROSARCOMA
Type of cancer, originated in cartilaginous cell. Usually benign or malignant and it typically affects the pelvis, ribs or long bones.
Signs: pain, namamaga yung dahil sa main tumor.
CHONDROSARCOMA
Males are three times as likely as females to develop this condition and it is more common in older adults.
CHONDROSARCOMA
CHONDROSARCOMA, It is about half as common as osteosarcoma and comprises approximately WHAT of all malignant tumors of the skeletal system.
10%
Process of cancer cells spread in original sites going to other parts of the body.
metastases
The bones of the skeletal system that contain WHAT THAT are the major bones affected by metastatic disease because of their good vascularization.
red bone marrow
The bones of the skeletal system that contain red bone marrow are the major bones affected by metastatic disease because of their WHAT.
good vascularization
The most common primary sites for metastatic bone cancer are the
the breast, lung, prostate, kidney and thyroid gland with the tumor spreading via proximity, the blood stream or the lymphatic system.
Any type of cancer can metastasize to bone, but metastatic disease from carcinomas are the most common malignant tumor of the skeleton, with WHAT
secondary bone tumors of any origin far outnumbering primary bone tumors
