GASTRO & REPRO Flashcards
is made up of the gastrointestinal tract also called the Gl tract or digestive tract and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
digestive system
he digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract also called the Gl tract or digestive tract includes the .
the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
he digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract also called the WHAT and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Gl tract or digestive tract
what Is essentially a tube that extends from the mouth to the rectum.
he gastrointestinal. tract .
There is a hollow portion of the tube known as the WHAT a muscular layer in the middle, and a layer of epithelial cells. These layers are responsible for maintaining the mucosal integrity of the tract.
lumen
he gastrointestinal. tract Is essentially a tube that extends from what
mouth to the rectum.
The hollow organs that make up the Gl tract are what
mouth, stomach, intestine, the esophagus, small large intestine and anus.
The small intestine has three parts:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Small intestine is a muscular tube which extends in the lower and stomach into anus. Intestine is also known as bowel/s. Food and product of digestion is passed through in the intestine divided into sections called, small intestines and large intestines.
Small intestine
is important because your body needs nutrients from food drink to work properly and stay healthy. Proteins, fats, carbohyd rates, vitamins, minerals and water are nutrients.
Digestion
The absence or closure of a natural passages of the body.
ATRESIA
qwhat is a radiographic indication distesting of the stomach. gaseous Surgery is the treatment.
The “double bubble sign”
Congenital anomaly in which the esophagus fails to develop.
Symptoms are visible soon after birth such as salivation, choking, gagging, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA
Congenital anomaly, in which the lumen of the duodenum does not exist resulting in destructionresulting tract.
DUODENAL ATRESIA
Congenital failure of development of the distal rectum and anus.
Often results to fistula formation in the genitourinary system.
COLONIC ATRESIA
Aberration of the normal process of intestinal rotation. Exists when the intestines are not in their normal position.
MALROTATION
A congenital disorder in which there is no anal opening to the exterior.
IMPERFORATE ANUS
is a smaller and leaving a wider opening in the esophagus.
Simple stricture
is an abnormal tightening or narrowing of esophagus. Esophagus is muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach carrying food and liquid. Stricture is narrowing of the esophagus make it more difficult for food to travel down the tube in severe cases even the drinking liquid can be difficult
ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
is a longer and leave a narrower opening
complex stricture
A congenital anomaly of the Stomachead here the pylone leading pyloric stomach is greatly narrowed because sphincter. pyloric It occurs 3-4 times more often in male children with first signs of vomiting at 3-4 weeks of age. Surgery is the mode of treatment.
HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
The etiology directly relates to the hypersecretion of acidic gastric juice and pepsin (protein-digesting enzyme)
PEPTIC ULCER
It involves anus and is the most of the anus and is most often performed to correct anal stenosis, which is a narrowing of the anal canal that causes painful bowel movements.
ANOPLASTY
is the backward flow of a gastric acids into the esophagus.
REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS
It is an erosion of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum.
PEPTIC ULCER
burning symptoms experience substernal as a the reflux of gastric acids into the esophagus.
HEARTBURN
The most likely site of development isike the is in the duodenal bulb and lesser curvature of the stomach.
PEPTIC ULCER
Major symptoms is pain and males are more frequently affected than females.
PEPTIC ULCER
Medical therapies such as physical and gastric rest are given as a treatment, failure of such may necessitate surgery.
PEPTIC ULCER
It is the inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel.
GASTROENTERITIS
Acute cases are caused by intakexcvirale infection, food allergy a and specific infectious diseases.
GASTROENTERITIS
Ingestion of foods contaminated with bacteria may also result gastroenteritis, diarrhea is a threat to the normal electrolytic balance of the body.
GASTROENTERITIS
occurs as results of sensitivity to Gluten, an agent found in wheat products such as bread.
CELIAC DISEASE
occurs when the small bowel lacks sufficient quantity of the enzyme lactase.
LACTOSE INSUFFICIENCY
A group of diseases of various causes in which there is interference with normal digestion and absorption of food through the small bowel.
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
A chronic inflammatory or disease of unknown cause or etiology
Also known as Regional Enteritis or Granulomatous Colitis.
CROHN’S DISEASe
This disease typically affects young adults in their 20’s and 30’s with symptoms suggestive of appendicitis or acute bowel obstruction
Emotional stress is thought to be an important causative factor of bowel dysfunction.
CROHN’S DISEASE
CROHN’S DISEASE
A chronic inflammatory or disease of unknown cause or etiology
Also known as what
Regional Enteritis or Granulomatous Colitis.
An inflammatory lesion of the colon mucosa. Etiology is unknown but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
Affects young individuals showing symptoms of excessive diarrhea, blood, pus and mucus in the stools.
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Such disease generally starts in the rectum and spreads to the sigmoid, sometimes involving the entire colon.
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
is another complication defined as an acute dilatation of the colon from paralytic ileus (failure of bowel peristalsis)
TOXIC MEGACOLON
A twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, usually at either the sigmoid or ileocecal junction.
VOLVULUS
It is an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, generally resulting from an obstruction caused by a fecalith or neoplasm.
Frequently affects individual between ages of 15-24 years.
APPENDICITIS
HERNIATION
A hernia is a protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening usually in the abdominal wall. Popularly referred to as a “rupture”
hernia
HERNIATION
A hernia is a protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening usually in the abdominal wall. Popularly referred to as a what
“rupture”
Common in men and occurs when a bowel loop protrudes through weakness in the inguinal ring and may descend downward into the scrotum
INGUINAL HERNIA
type of hernia in which an anatomical part (as the stomach) protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
HIATAL HERNIA .
INTUSSUSCEPTION is a condition in which one segment of intestine WHATinside of another, causing an intestinal obstruction (blockage)
“telescopes”
GALLSTONE ILEUS
A cause of mechanical bowel obstruction in which a gallstone can erode from the gallbladder and create a fistula to the small bowel.
GALLSTONE ILEUS
is a condition in which one segment of intestine “telescopes” inside of another, causing an intestinal obstruction (blockage)
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Occurs whenwel constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal further and is driven inn the distal bowel by peristalsis.
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Failure of normal peristalsis commonly cause of following surgery.
PARALYTIC ILEUS
is the condition where the motor activity of the bowel is impaired, usually without the presence of a physical obstruction.
Paralytic ileus
A neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia.
ACHALASIA
ACHALASIA
Such condition is often describe radiographically as having a WHAT appearance.
“beaked”
Absence of neurons in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon, and is also known as CONGENITAL AGANGLIONIC MEGACOLON.
HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
Absence of neurons in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon, and is also known as what
CONGENITAL AGANGLIONIC MEGACOLON
Such absence prevents the normal relaxation of the colon and subsequent peristalsis resulting in gross dilatation to the point narrowing and constriction
HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
COLONIC DIVERTICULI
Also called as what
Diverticulosis
Occur when mucosal outpouching penetrates through the muscular layer of the esophagus.
ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULI
the presence of diverticuli without inflammation, is seen in all parts of the colon, most frequently at the sigmoid colon and common among elderly.
Diverticulosis
is a pouch or sac of variable size that occurs normally or is created by herniation of a mucus membrane through defect in its muscular coat.
diverticuli
Unintentional swallowing or poor mastication causes such foreign bodies to become lodged in the esophagus.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE ESOPHAGUS
Unintentional swallowing or poor mastication causes such foreign bodies to become lodged in the esophagus.
Inflammation of a diverticulum is termed what. Such condition can lead to obstruction, perforation and fistula.
diverticulitis
is commonly used in cases of acute esophageal obstruction in order to locate the site of obstruction.
barium swallow
Can cause serious injury not only to the Gl tract, but also to abdominal organs such as: Liver, Spleen, Kidneys and Pancreas.
As well as the spine and pelvic organs
The best means of diagnosing Gl trauma is the ultrasound or CT scan imaging modality because it is capable of visualizing lacerations, hematomas, and ruptures.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
A cancer arising in the body of the esophagus.
Are flat, thin cell, that line the surface of the esophagus
Occur most often in the upper and middle portion of esophagus
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
A cancer arising at the esophagogastric junction
ADENOCARCINOMA
benign tumor and can be surgically removed through thoracic or abdominal incision.
Also known as fibroids
LEIOMYOMA
LEIOMYOMA
benign tumor and can be surgically removed through thoracic or abdominal incision.
Also known as WHAT
fibroids
Is a disease in which malignant cell form in the lining of stomach, age, diet and stomach disease
GASTRIC CANCER
cancer varies by geographical area, race, diet, hereditary and sex.
gastric cancer.
The most common malignancies in males and is generally denocarcinoma.
Incidence rises significantly after age 40 with each decade, reaching a peak at about age 75.
Primary means of treatment is by surgical incision and resection of the bowel.
Radiation Therapy is given to reduce tumor size and to provide pain relief
Chemotherapy is given when the cancer has metastasized.
CANCER OF THE COLON
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the what , is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.
genital system
what of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.
reproductive system
is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.
genital system
Many non-living substances such as what are also important accessories to the reproductive system.
fluids, hormones and pheromones
The external structures of the female reproductive system include the what are those
clítoris, labia minora, labia majora and Bartholin’s glands.
The major internal organs of the female reproductive system include the what which act as the receptacle for semen and the ovaries, which produce the female’s ova.
vagina and uterus
The what is attached to the uterus. through the cervix, while the fallopian tubes connect the uterus to the ovaries.
The vagina
A rare congenital anomaly with complete duplication of the uterus, cervix and vagina.
Uterus Didelphys
occurs if a sperm enters the fallopian tube and burrows into the egg. While the fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, it can also happen in the uterus itself
Fertilization
The most common anomaly in female reproductive system This condition consists of paired uterine horns extending to the uterine tubes. Abnormal uterus that is divided into two separate halves at the upper end.
Bicornuate Uterus
Occurs when the uterine activity is elongated and has single uterine tube emerging from it.
Unicornuate Uterus
It is often result from unsterile abortion, following the insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), or after an introduction of a pathogen from other sources.
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Treatment include antibiotic therapy and a very common indication for sonographic evaluation in a what.
non-gravid female.
is a bacterial infection of the female genital system that is most often caused by gonococcus, staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria.
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Inflammation of the breast is most often caused by S. Aureus bacteria.
It usually occurs in the breast of lactating women through cracks in skin surrounding the nipple.
MASTITIS
This occurs as part of the normal menstrual cycle which may increase in size and cause pelvic discomfort or abnormal pressure on the urinary bladder.
Follicular cyst and Corpus Luteum Cysts
An overgrowth of fibrous tissue and/or cystic hyperplasia
The most common disorder of the female breast
This condition may be unilateral however, it is most frequently bilateral, with various sized cysts located throughout the breasts.
It is believed to result from fluctuations in the hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.
The most common sign/symptom associated with fibrocystic breasts mass that increase in size and tenderness immediately preceding the onset of the menstrual period.
Fibrocystic Breasts
Consist of enlarged ovaries containing multiple small cysts.
This is often associated with a fairly rare disease known as Stein Leventhal Syndrome in which there is an endocrine abnormality inhibiting maturation
Polycystic Ovaries
CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Or known as
Dysplasia
Often called dermoid cyst.The most common type of germ coll tumor containing mature tissue
These masses arise from an unfertilized that undergoes neoplastic change.
They often contain hair, thyroid tissue, keratin, sebaceous secretions and occasionally teeth.
Treatment-surgical removal of the mass (dermoidectomy)
Benign Cystic Teratomas of the Ovary
Benign Cystic Teratomas of the Ovary
Often called WHAT
dermoid cyst
common malignancy caused by an abnormal growth pattern of epithelial cell around the neck of the uterus.
The symptom is abnormal bleeding and pap smear allows early detection of the disease
Research indicates that a history of multiple sexual partners or sexually transmitted infections predisposes female to this disease.
The primary treatment is radiation therapy as well as surgical intervention.
CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Often termed as carcinoma of the uterus and is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system second only to breast cancer.
Occurs mainly in postmenopausal women and increasing in Incidence with age that is due to hormonal changes and even to nulliparous women.
Treatment varies with the stage of the disease. Stages 0, 1 and 2. Stage 0 is curable via hysterectomy whereas Stage 1 and 2 are usually treated with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy has a 5-year survival rate of 80%.
Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium
Benign solid masses of the uterus that develops from an overgrowth of the uterine smooth muscle tissue.
Present in females over the age of 20 years and are the most common benign tumors of the female genital system and the etiology although unknown still tend to grow under the influence of estrogen, may enlarge during pregnancy and stop growing at menopause.
Lelomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)
Most common benign tumor of the breast formed by an overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissue located in the upper, outer quadrant of the breast.
Occurs between ages 15-35 years, appear to be estrogen dependent and may grow rapidly during pregnancy.
Mammography with physical breast examination and sometimes ultrasound plays a vital role in detection and surgical removal of the lesion is often curative.
Fibroadenoma
Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium
Often termed as WHAT and is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system second only to breast cancer.
Occurs mainly in postmenopausal women and increasing in Incidence with age that is due to hormonal changes and even to nulliparous women.
Treatment varies with the stage of the disease. Stages 0, 1 and 2. Stage 0 is curable via hysterectomy whereas Stage 1 and 2 are usually treated with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy has a 5-year survival rate of 80%.
carcinoma of the uterus
A very common malignancy among females ranging between the ages of 30 to 50 years which tend to rise to postmenopausal years due to changes in estrogen level.
Carcinoma of the Breast
Occurs when too little amniotic fluid is present
Oligohydramnios
Occurs with an excess of amniotic fluid.
Polyhydramnios
Refers to the development of an embryo outside the uterine cavity and occurs in approximately 1% of all pregnancies.
The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is uterine tube, but it may also occur in ovary, cervix or abdominal cavity.
Common signs/symptoms associated with ectopic pregnancy are the same as early pregnancy, but distention of the tube causes abdominal pain and tenderness.
Common in females who have had pelvic Inflammatory disease and/or have a partial obstruction of the uterine tube.
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
A condition in which the placenta develops in the lower half of the uterus and encroaches on and partially or completely covers the internal cervical o5.
Placenta Previa
A normally implanted placenta that prematurely separate from the uterus.
Abruptio Placentae
The most common sign and symptom is an enlargement or palpable hardness of the testis. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used in conjunction with surgery.
TESTICULAR TUMORs
A common benign enlargement of the prostate gland caused by the development of discrete nodules within the organ.
The etiology is unknown but it is believed to be caused by hormonal changes associated with aging affecting males 50 years of age and older.
Symptoms include difficulty in starting, stopping and maintaining a flow of urine and inability to completely empty the bladder.
Males over the age of 50 years develop small multiple calcifications within the prostate known as prostatic calculi, radiographically visible on a plain abdominal or pelvic images. and its development has no clinical significance.
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, is common cancer in males.
Signs and symptoms are urinary tract obstruction, a hard enlarged prostate and low back pain.
This neoplasm is testosterone dependent and so the testes are often removed.
CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Very small and aggressive neoplasms Often nonpalpable and metastasize very early
Choriocarcinomas
Arise from the seminiferous tubules
Grow rapidly but tend to remain localized for a fairly long time before metastasizing.
Radiosensitive
Malignant neoplasm of the testis
Tx surgery Involving removal of the testis (orchiectomy)
Seminomas
Arise from primitive germ cells
Composed of various cell types such as connective tissue, muscle, and thyroid glandular tissue.
Teratomas
Smaller in size than seminoma; however, they are very invasive and metastasize fairly quickly.
Embryonal Carcinoma
Inflammation of the epididymis and testis
Epididymo-orchitis
A cystic swelling in the scrotum containing sperm.
The cyst arises from the epididymis (the duct conveying sperm from the testis) and can be felt as a lump above the testis.
Needle aspiration of the cyst reveals a milky opalescent fluid containing sperm.
Tx is by surgical removal.
Spermatoceles
The accumulation of watery liquid in a sac, usually the sac surrounding the testes.
Characterized by painless enlargement of the scrotum.
Treated surgically by drainage of the fluid or removal of the sac.
Hydroceles
