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PATHO > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

The study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

A

Pathology

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2
Q

The study of disease that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems.

A

PATHOLOGY

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3
Q

Branch of the study disease causes, where it was, development and effect on the body.

A

PATHOLOGY

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3
Q

examine the dead body, under part of the pathology

A

autopsy

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4
Q

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY: where examine tissue sample, example covid and biopsy

A

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY

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4
Q

4 BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY:

A

ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
FORENSIC PATHOLOGY
MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY

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5
Q

disrupt of body and brain, not normal functioning

A

Disease

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5
Q

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY: where examine bodily fluids

A

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

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6
Q

certain types of disease:

A
  1. Infection
  2. Acute diseaes - example: saglit lang pero malala, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, autoimmune disease
  3. Genetic disease
  4. Metabolic disease
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6
Q

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY: where dead body, cause of death, use for legal purposes

A

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY

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7
Q

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY: study of molecular level example: pregnant find abnormality of baby the gender of the baby

A

MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY

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7
Q

what extract fluid that causes of fluid in lungs

A

THORACENTESIS

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7
Q

Study of various pathologic conditions and its effect on radiologic procedures, techniques and overall radiographic image.

A

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY

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8
Q

are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific symptoms and signs.

A

DISEASE

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9
Q

observable changes

A

PATHOGENESIS

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9
Q

is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.

A

DISEASE

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10
Q

The sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes.

A

PATHOGENESIS

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10
Q

Is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others (for example a skin rash or lump)

A

SIGN

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10
Q

Is subjective, that is, apparent only to the patient (for example back pain or fatigue)

A

SYMPTOM

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11
Q

Observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process.

A

MANIFESTATIONS

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11
Q

the study of the cause of a disease

A

ETIOLOGY

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12
Q

A group of sign and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance.

A

SYNDROME

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12
Q

Means there are no symptoms

A

ASYMPTOMATIC

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12
Q

Combination, cause of chromosome, physical features and lack development

A

SYNDROME

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13
Q

Which has been acquired while the patient is in hospital.

A

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

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14
Q

Those adverse responses that occur from medical treatment itself.
example : chemotherapy

A

IATROGENIC REACTIONS

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14
Q

The prediction of the course and outcome of the disease

A

prognosis

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15
Q

Usually have a quick onset and last a short period of time.

A

ACUTE DISEASES

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15
Q

Describe disease of unknown cause.
Rare disease

A

IDIOPATHIC

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16
Q

Present more slowly and last a very long time.

A

CHRONIC DISEASES

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16
Q

Determination of the diseases than an individual has.

A

DIAGNOSIS

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16
Q

shrinking of lungs

A

COPD

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16
Q

The investigation of disease in large group
Example : MPOX or covid

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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17
Q

A disease which simultaneously affects large numbers of people in a community

A

EPIDEMIC

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17
Q

The number of cases found in a given population

A

PREVALANCE

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17
Q

The number of new cases found in given population

A

INCIDENCE

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17
Q

Disease of high prevalence in an area where a given causative organism

A

ENDEMIC

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17
Q

Ratio of actual deaths to expected death from a given disease

A

MORTALITY RATE

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18
Q

The rate of deaths caused by a particular disease averaged over a population

A

MORTALITY RATE

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19
Q

DISEASES CLASSIFICATIONS

A

CONGENITAL DISEASE
HEREDITARY DISEASE
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
METABOLIC DISEASE
TRAUMATIC DISEASE
NEOPLASTIC DISEASE

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20
Q

Diseases that are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors.

A

CONGENITAL DISEASE

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20
Q

also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause. It may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental.

A

Birth defects

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21
Q

Most birth defects are caused by

A

genetic or environmental factors or a combination of the two (multifactorial birth defects). In most cases, however, the cause is unknown.

21
Q

3 reasons of congenital disease:

A

Genetics
Environmental factor
Combination of two the genetics and environmental factor - multifactorial

21
Q

An environmental cause can include a drug, alcohol or a disease the mother has that can increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect. An agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a

A

teratogen.

21
Q

Common congenital disorders:

A

cleft lip and cleft palate
cerebral palsy
Fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome
spina bifida
cystic fibrosis
heart conditions

21
Q

cause can include a drug, alcohol or a disease the mother has that can increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect.

A

environmental

22
Q

Genetic or inherited causes include:

A
  • Chromosomal defects caused by too few or too many chromosomes, or problems in the structure of the chromosomes, such as Down syndrome and extra copy of chromosome 21 and sex chromosome abnormalities
  • Single gene defects
  • Dominant inheritance
  • Recessive inheritance
23
Q

The chromosomes in the humans are responsible for passing the traits from the parent to the offspring.
Example: alzheimer’s disease or asthma

A

. HEREDITARY DISEASE

23
Q

It is a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically.

A

. HEREDITARY DISEASE

23
Q

are caused by a combination of genes and environmental exposures. In other words, a person can inherit a gene that increases sensitivity to an environmental trigger. Examples include cleft lip or palate, certain heart defects, and neural tube defects.

A

Multifactorial birth defects

24
Q

in CLASSIFICATION of hereditary disease: Transmitted by a single gene from either parent chromosomes

A

DOMINANT INHERITANCE

24
Q

are passed on from one generation to another through defective genes

A

. HEREDITARY DISEASE

24
Q

CLASSIFICATION of hereditary disease:

A
  • SEX-LINKED -A genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome
  • AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE- A genetic abnormality present on one of the other 22 chromosomes
  • DOMINANT INHERITANCE -Transmitted by a single gene from either parent chromosomes
  • RECESSIVE INHERITANCE -Transmitted by both parents to an offspring
24
Q

in CLASSIFICATION of hereditary disease: Transmitted by both parents to an offspring

A

RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

24
Q

in CLASSIFICATION of hereditary disease: A genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome

A

SEX-LINKED

24
Q

These diseases are transmitted in the same family.

A

. HEREDITARY DISEASE

25
Q

is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in one of the genes that encode the hemoglobin protein. Red blood cells with the abnormal hemoglobin protein take on a sickle shape. The disease leads to chronic anemia and significant damage to the heart, lungs and kidneys.

A

Sickle cell disease

25
Q

is caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. The mucus becomes thick and sticky, causing severe damage to the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

25
Q

in CLASSIFICATION of hereditary disease: A genetic abnormality present on one of the other 22 chromosomes

A

AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE

25
Q

Multifactorial birth defects are caused by a combination of genes and environmental exposures. In other words, a person can inherit a gene that increases sensitivity to an environmental trigger. Examples include

A

cleft lip or palate, certain heart defects, and neural tube defects.

26
Q

6 COMMON HEREDITARY DISEASES

A
  • SICKLE CELL DISEASES
  • CYSTIC FIBROSIS
  • TAY-SACHS
  • HEMOPHILIA
  • HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
  • MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
26
Q

tay sachs disease another term

A

Destroy nervous system or bench double

26
Q

Children who inherit only one copy of the defective gene are carriers who could pass the gene on to their own children. But children who inherit two copies of the defective gene one copy from each parent will develop

A

cystic fibrosis

27
Q

Is a well-known hereditary disease in which proper clotting is absent.

A

HEMOPHILIA

27
Q

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal genetic disorder that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. It is caused by gene defects that lead to the absence of a vital enzyme called

A

hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A).

27
Q

what disease Destroy nervous system or bench double

A

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

27
Q

is a fatal genetic disorder that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. It is caused by gene defects that lead to the absence of a vital enzyme called hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A).

A

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

28
Q

INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Results from the body’ reaction to a localized injurious agent.
Examples include

A

allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, preperfusion injury and transplant rejection.

28
Q

defective genes interfere with the production of proteins necessary for healthy muscle development. Such symptoms as progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass often begin in childhood, though the disease can affect all ages, and all races.

A

muscular dystrophy

28
Q

Is an inherited condition that comes on in mid-life. It causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, leading to a loss of brain and muscle function.
Midlife age 30 -40

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

28
Q

is female or male Most common among , hemophilia is characterized by a deficiency in blood clotting leading to abnormal bleeding.

A

males

28
Q

is characterized by a deficiency in blood clotting leading to abnormal bleeding.
No normal blood clotting

A

HEMOPHILIA

28
Q

THREE TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASE:

A

INFECTIVE DISEASE: Result from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi
TOXIC DISEASE: Result from poisoning by biologic substances
ALLERGIC DISEASE: An overreaction of the body’s own defenses.

28
Q

Results from the body’ reaction to a localized injurious agent.

A

INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

29
Q

THREE TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: Result from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi

A

INFECTIVE DISEASE.

29
Q

Any of the diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. Thousands of enzymes participating in numerous interdependent metabolic pathways carry out this process.

A

METABOLIC DISEASE

29
Q

THESE INCLUDE ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND DISTURBANCES OF FLUID AND ELCTROLYTE BALANCE.

A

METABOLIC DISEASE

29
Q

THREE TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: An overreaction of the body’s own defenses.

A

ALLERGIC DISEASE

29
Q

may consist of hypersecretion, causing an overactivity of the target organ or insufficient secretion, resulting in underactivity.

A

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

29
Q

the most common disturbance of fluid balance.

A

DEHYDRATION

30
Q

Caused by deterioration of the body. is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. In neurodegenerative diseases cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration.

A

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

30
Q

is the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body.

A

METABOLISM

31
Q

THREE TYPES OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: Result from poisoning by biologic substances

A

TOXIC DISEASE

31
Q

Although they are usually associated with the aging process, some degenerative condition may exist in what patients

A

younger patients.

31
Q

Give a relief from pain but no healing

A

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

31
Q

May result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part.

A

TRAUMATIC DISEASES

31
Q

In addition, disorders resulting in

A

fractures

31
Q

TRAUMATIC DISEASES
May result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part.
In addition, disorders resulting in fractures. It may also injure what

A

soft tissues

31
Q

it may injure soft tissues even if the skin is not broken.

A

Traumatic injuries

31
Q

an injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the skin.

A

WOUND

31
Q

Are conditions that cause tumor growth: both benign and malignant.

A

NEOPLASTIC DISEASE

31
Q

are noncancerous growths. They usually grow slowly and can’t spread to other tissues.

A

Benign tumors

31
Q

THREE DISEASES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AGING PROCESS:

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOARTHRITIS

31
Q

are cancerous and can grow slowly or quickly.

A

Malignant tumors

31
Q

general term often used to denote various types of malignant neoplasms.

A

CANCER

32
Q

bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture

A

BRUISE OR CONTUSION:

33
Q

the spread of cancer cells.

A

METASTASIS.

34
Q

one type of cancer and is derived from epithelial tissue.

A

CARCINOMA

35
Q

another cancer which arises from connective tissue.

A

SARCOMA

35
Q

can be serious or life-threatening. It depends on the type. Most of them have no cure. Treatments may help Improve symptoms, relleve pain, and Increase mobility.

A

Degenerative nerve diseases

35
Q

The choice of which modality or combination of modalities depends on many factors, including the type of

A

cancer, its location and stage, and treating oncologist.

36
Q

THE PRIMARY TREATMENT MODALITIES ARE:

A

SURGERY
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION THERAPY

36
Q

THE GOAL OF TREATMENT MAY BE:

A

CURATIVE: allowing the patient to remain free of disease for 5 years or more.
PALLIATIVE: designed to relieve pain when curing isn’t possible.

37
Q

THE GOAL OF TREATMENT MAY BE:
designed to relieve pain when curing isn’t possible.

A

PALLIATIVE

37
Q

THE GOAL OF TREATMENT MAY BE:
CURATIVE: allowing the patient to remain free of disease for how many years

A

5 years or more.

37
Q

THE GOAL OF TREATMENT MAY BE:
allowing the patient to remain free of disease for 5 years or more.

A

CURATIVE

PATHO (5 decks)

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