Resp. + urogenital histology Flashcards

Question

Organ? Differentiate btw #1 and #2.

Answer 1

**_MEDULLA of KIDNEY_** _1) **thin desc./asc. limb - loop of HENLE**_ * sim. squ. ep. → thin wall * passive reabsorption of Na⁺, Cl^- _2) **thick ascending limb - loop of HENLE**_ * sim. cub. ep, many mitochondria → thicker wall, acidophilic * active reabsorption of var. electrolytes ``` _{CD = collecting duct} _{c = vasa recta capillary} ```

Answer 2

**_MEDULLA of KIDNEY_** _3) **collecting duct**_ 2 types of cells: * *principal cells* = most abundant, cuboidal - columnar, pale → secretion of K⁺ * *intercalated cells* = few + scattered, darker → reabsorption of K⁺, help maintain acid-base balance * fuse near renal papilla → **ducts of BELLINI** _{1) thin asc./desc. limbs of loop of Henle
2) thick asc. limbs of loop of Henle
C = vasa recta capillaries}

Answer 3

* **vascular pole** of glomerulus = aff./eff. arterioles * **macula densa** = columnar cells of DTC * **juxtaglomerular cells** = mod. smooth m. cells w/ renin * **lacis cells** = extraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 4

autoregulation of **glomerular filtration rate GFR** controll of **blood pressure**

Answer 5

1. **↑ art. BP** → ↑ glom. BP 2. **↑ GFR** → ↑ ions in TAL 3. **vasoconstrictors** rel. by macula densa → contraction of vas afferens 4. **↓ GFR** → lower speed of filtrate flow in loop of Henle 5. **↑ reabsorption** of ions → stabilization

Answer 6

1. ↓ art. BP measured by **baroreceptors** 2. JG cells release **renin** into blood stream 3. angiotensinogen → **angiotensin I** 4. ACE in lungs: angiotensin I → **angiotensin II** = vasoconstrictor → ↑ BP 5. adrenals secrete **aldosterone** → ↑ Na⁺/H₂0 reabsorption 6. **↑ blood volume** → stabilization

Answer 7

when no longer modified by reabsorption/secretion

Answer 8

contain **uroplakins** → impermeable to H₂O → **protection from hyperosmotic effect of urin**e

Answer 9

**_URETER_** * star-shaped lumen * thick muscularis → peristalsis to transp. urine * urothelium * adventitia _{Mu = muscularis
M = mucosa
A = adventitia}

Answer 10

**_URINARY BLADDER_** * mucosa w/ urothelium * propria * thin submucosa (not present in trig. ves.) * muscularis w/ **3 muscle layers** * adventitia (on 1 side serosa) _{U = urothelium
LP = lamina propria
S = submucosa
IL, ML, OL = inner, middle, outer layer of muscularis
A = adventitia}

Answer 11

**_MALE URETHRA_** * large folds * tissue of **corpus spongiosum** of penis * **str. columnar ep.** inst. of urothelium * sometimes endoepthial muc. glands that open into **LITTRÉ glands**

Answer 12

**_TESTIS_** * **tunica albuginea** thickens at mediastinum (M) + forms **septa** (S) → lobules of testis * **seminiferous tubules** (ST) connected to **rete testis** (RT) (simple cuboidal ep.!!)

Answer 13

**visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis**

Answer 14

**1 - 4 seminiferous tubules** + **connective tissue interstitium** ⇒ 250/lobule

Answer 15

**_SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of TESTIS_** * (1) **Sertoli cells** * **spermatogenic epithelium** * ****(2) primary spermatocyte * (3) spermatogonium * (4) early spermatid * (5) late spermatid (w/o residual body)

Answer 16

**_LEYDIG CELL of testicular interstitium_** → produces testosterone in response to gonadotropin (either from placenta during fetal development, LH/ICSH from pituitary w/ begin of puberty)

Answer 17

**_SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE of TESTIS_** * smooth m.-like **myoid cells** (M) contribute to basement membrane of seminiferous tubule → weak contractions to move luminar fluid * **fibroblasts** (F) in interstitium _{SC = Sertoli cells
ES = early spermatid
LS = late spermatid
SG = spermatogonia
PS = primary spermatocyte}

Answer 18

_structure:_ * in **basal compartment** of seminiferous tubule * **ovoid/triangular pale nucleus + prominent nucleolus** _function:_ * **support, protection + nutrition of spermatogenic cells** (form blood-testis barrier, adhere to spermatogenic epithelium) * **endo-/exocrine secretion:** testosterone, anti-müllerian substance (MIS), inhibin, water lumina * **phagocytosis:** lysosomes digest residual bodies

Answer 19

1. **type A** spermatogonia undergo mitosis → more type A spermatogonia 2. eventually differentiate to **type B** 3. final mitotic division → **2 primary spermatocyte** 4. 1^st meiotic division (∽ 3 weeks) → **secondary spermatocyte** 5. almost immediately 2^nd meiotic division → **2 spermatids** 6. **spermiogenesis →** spermatozoon/sperm _{(nucleus flattens, acrosome/flagellum/midpiece forms, residual body shed)}

Answer 20

**_EPIDIDYMIS_** * fibrous capsule + **tunica vagalis** (TV) * long, coiled **duct** **of epididymis** (DE) w/ regular lumen ``` _{V = blood vessels in conn. tissue} _{arrows = pseudostrat. col. ep.} ```

Answer 21

**sperm become motile + finale maturation** decapacitation factors in epididymal fluid bind sperm cell membranes → block acrosomal reactions until factors are removed during capacitation

Answer 22

**_HEAD of EPIDIDYMIS_** * **efferent ductules of testes** * star-shaped lumen due to alternating non-ciliated ep. of diff. height * surrounded by smooth m. + conn. tissue * **duct of epididymis** * ****reg. lumen * pseudostrat. ciliated col. ep. * also surrounded by smooth m. + conn. tissue image of single efferent ductule

Answer 23

**_SPERMATIC CORD_** * **vas deferens** + accompanied **a. deferens** (muscular a.) * **m. cremaster** + **spermatic fascia** (left) * many nn. + smaller vessels

Answer 24

**_PLEXUS PAMPINIFORMIS in SPERMATIC CORD_** * **many muscular vv.** * ****larger than accompanied **a. testicularis** * _BUT:_ no elastic membranes * surrounding adipocytes + conn. tissue * _NOTICE:_ vasa vasorum * **m. cremaster + spermatic fascia** (left)

Answer 25

contains cooler blood from testis → **draws heat from adjacent a. testicularis** → 34 °C for spermatogenesis

Answer 26

**_VAS DEFERENS_** * **highly folded mucosa** (M) * pseudostrat. col. ep. * nuclei arranged in 2 rows * **thick muscularis** → powerful contractions during ejaculation * ****inner + outer long. (L-SM) * mid. circ. (C-SM) * **adventitia** (A)

Answer 27

**_SEMINAL VESICLE_** * **highly folded mucosa** (M) * simple col. ep. of principal secr. cells * smooth. m. (SM) * thin lamina propria (LP) * **labyrinthic lumen** (L) * surrounded by 2 layers of **smooth m.** (SM, front page)

Answer 28

* **fructose** → energy source for spermatozoa * **prostaglandins** → stim. activity in woman * **fibrinogen** → coagulation of semen after ejaculation

Answer 29

**_PROSTATE_** * dense **fibromuscular stroma** (S) * lamina propria * thick smooth m. → empty glands during ejaculation * **tubuloalveolar glands** (G) next to urethra (sim./pseudostrat. col. ep.) * in transition zone: **mucosal glands** * in central zone: **submucosal glands** * in peripheral zone: **main glands**

Answer 30

**corpora amylacea** (CA) → deposited glycoproteins + keratan sulfate LP = lamina propria

Answer 31

**_PENIS_** * **2 corpora cavernosa** (CV) dorsally * smaller blood vessels (V) * covered by dense, fibrous **tunica albuginea** (TA) * **corpus spongiosum** (CS) + **urethra** (U) * covered by **skin** (S)

Answer 32

**_GLANS of PENIS_** * **urethra** is str. squ. non-ker. (NOT: pseudostrat. col. as in spongy urethra) → glans

Answer 33

_**CORPUS SPONGIOSUM** (CS) **of PENIS**_ * prominent **urethra** (PU) (here: pseudostrat. col. ep.) → spongy urethra * **urethral glands (LITTRE)** (UG) release mucous during erection * **corpora cavernosa** (CC) surrounded by **tunica albuginea** (TA) * helicine a. (HA) _{NOTICE diff. arrangement of conn. tissue in corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum}

Answer 34

* pars intramuralis - prostatica: **urothelium** * pars membranacea - spongiosa: **pseudostrat. col.** * pars navicularis - ostium urethrae ext: **str. squ. non-ker.** ****in pars spongiosa gll. urethrales (Littre) are acting to protect urethra from urine

Answer 35

**_INTIMAL CUSHION OF EBNER in PENIS_** * connected to helicine aa. 1. relaxation of trabecular smooth m. due to parasymp. stimulation 2. helicine aa. dilate 3. intimal cushions of Ebner occlude lumina of cavernous spaces 4. enlargement of corporsa cavernosa 5. compression of dorsal vv. against tunica albuginea → no outflow → rigid after ejaculation proc. inversed

Answer 36

**_CORPUS CAVERNOSUM of PENIS_** * **helicine a.** (HA) btw * **cavernous spaces** (CS) made up by fibrous, el. conn. tissue + smooth m. (SM) * **tunica albuginea** (TA)

Answer 37

**_CORTEX of OVARY_** * cuboidal **surface epithelium** (SE) overlying the dense conn. **tunica albuginea** (TA) * loose conn. **stroma** * mainly **primordial follicles** with oocytes (O) and follicular cells (arrow) visible

Answer 38

1. **oogonia** undergo mitosis 2. become **primordial follicles** 3. undergo **follicular development** monthly once primary follicle → secondary follicle → tertiary follicle → Graafian follicle 4. **ovulation** + **atresia** of non-dominant follicles 5. **corpus luteum** forms from remnants of Graafian follicle 6. degenerates as **corpus albicans**

Answer 39

**_PRIMARY FOLLICLE in OVARY_** * **simple cub. ep.** covering the **primary oocyte**

Answer 40

**in puberty** once a month when **FSH secretion** from pituitary begins * **growth** of prim. oocyte * **mitosis** of foll. cells

Answer 41

**_SECONDARY FOLLICLE in OVARY_** * foll. cells form -5 layers = now: **granulosa cells** * eosinophilic **zona pellucida** * **theca interna + externa** immediately surrounding the granulosa cells

Answer 42

contains glycoproteins **ZP3 + ZP4** which are important **sperm receptors** + induce **acrosomal activation**

Answer 43

_theca interna:_ (TI) * **well-vascularized** * **secretes androstenedione**, then converted to estradiol and distributed throughout the body → **vacuolated** + **lightly stained** due to lipid droplets _theca externa:_ (TE) * **fibroblasts** + **smooth m.** → imp. for ovulation _{A = antrum
G = granulosa cells
BM = basement membrane
S = stroma}

Answer 44

**_TERITARY FOLLICLE in OVARY_** * **deeper** in cortex (less prim. follicles visible) * **more layers** (6-12) of granulosa cells * as granulosa cells start secreting **liquor folliculi** an **antrum** develops

Answer 45

**corona** **radiata** (CR) → later (but not visible here): **cumulus oophorus** (CO) forms "connecting stalk" before antrum fully seperates prim. oocyte from outer layers

Answer 46

**_GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE in OVARY_** * **close** to surface * **thin layer** of granulosa cells (do not multiply as fast as antrum grows) * **fully seperated prim. oocyte** (finished meiosis I)

Answer 47

all follicles **exc. dominant follicle** die + are phagocyted _BUT:_ estrogen produced by larger foll. important for preparation for possible fertilization

Answer 48

**_ATRESIAN TERTIARY FOLLICLE in OVARY_** * corona radiata already disappeared * many apoptotic cells loose in antrum _{O = degenerative oocyte
G = granulosa cells
A = antrum}

Answer 49

spiral aa. are destroyed where follicle pushes against tunica albuginea → ischemic area is formed = **stigma**

Answer 50

**LH surge → ∽ d 14** of menstrual cycle * **meiosis I completed** by prim. oocyte in Graafian foll. → 1^st pol. body is released * **incr. pressure by liquor folliculi** due to incr. production of hyaluronan, prostaglandin by granulosa cells * **ovarian wall weakens** due to degradation of collagenous tunica albuginea by plasmin in liquor folliculi * **smooth m. contractions** of theca externa ⇒ sec. oocyte + corona radiata expelled

Answer 51

1. hypothalamus → **GnRH** 2. ant. pituitary **→ FSH + LH** 3. maturating follicles → **inhibin** (inhibits FSH prod.) 4. tertiary/Graafian follicles → **estrogen** → negative feedback on hypothalamus 5. ant. pituitary → **LH surge → OVULATION** 6. **corpus luteum** forms under infl. of LH 7. corpus luteum → **progesterone, estrogen + inhibin**

Answer 52

develops as **remnants of granulosa + theca cells** of Graafian follicle * LH surge induces corpus luteum to secrete **progesterone** * estrogen inhibits FSH production → **no new follicles mature**

Answer 53

* usually degenerates after [LH] drops → corpus albicans * _**BUT** if fertilized_: maintained by trophoblast's **HCG** (similar to LH) → continuing secr. of progesterone

Answer 54

**_CORPUS LUTEUM_** * **__highly vascularized** wall * **granulosa lutein cells** (GL) → secr. progesterone (sign. hypertrophied granulosa cells) * **theca lutein cells** (TL) → secr. prog. + androstenedione (stain somewhat darker, only minimal hypertrophy, mainly in folds close to wall)

Answer 55

**_CORPUS ALBICANS (close to corpus luteum)_** * looks similar to corpus luteum, but invested with **collagen + fibroblasts**

Answer 56

**_AMPULLA of UTERINE TUBE_** * **labyrinthic lumen** btw highly folded mucous membrane w/ **sim. col. ep.** * surrounded by interwoven **smooth m. layer** _{C = circular layer of muscularis
L = longitudinal layer of muscularis
LP = lamina propria} _{REMEMBER: looks similar to gl. vesiculosa, BUT different arrangement of muscularis + notice peg cells (cf. epithelium)}

Answer 57

**_AMPULLA of UTERINE TUBE_** * **labyrinthic lumen** btw highly folded mucous membrane visible w/ sim. col. ep. * 1) **non-ciliated** * 2) **ciliated** (CC) → move sec. oocyte/sperm * 3) darker stained, thin, secr. **peg cells** (PC) that bulge into lumen * **highly vascularized** lamina propria _{REMEMBER: looks similar to gl. vesiculosa, BUT different arrangement of muscularis + notice peg cells in sim. col. epithelium}

Answer 58

secrete glycoproteins of a **nutritive/protective mucus** film + **capacitation factors** that activate sperms most developed short after ovulation (embryo might be present)

Answer 59

**_ISTHMUS of UTERINE TUBE_** * **star-shaped lumen** * tunica muscularis **much thicker than ampulla**, both layers can be seen _{REMEMBER: if structure look like this, check epithelium first, ureter looks similar, but has urothelium}

Answer 60

**_PROLIFERATING UTERUS_** * 1) **stratum functionale** (F) **of endometrium** w/ * col. surface epithelium * ducts of uterine glands * stroma richer in ground substance → a bit darker * 2) **stratum basale** (B) **of endometrium** w/ * basal portions of uterine glands * 3) **myometrium** (M) * abundant interwoven smooth m. + highly vascularized

Answer 61

**type III collagen fibers + fibroblasts + ground substance** (stains darker in stratum functionale) _{NOTICE the beautifully arranged sim. col. ep. lining the endometrium/uterine gll.}

Answer 62

uterine arcuate aa. in myometrium supply * stratum basale w/ **straight aa.** * stratum functionale w/ **progesterone-sensitive** **spiral aa.** supplying the sinusoid lacunae → undergo changes during menstrual cycle ⇒ bring O₂, nutrients to endometrium

Answer 63

**_SEC_****_RETING UTERUS_** * **stratum functionale** (F) **∽4x thicker** than stratum basale (B) * uterine gll. filled w/ **eosinophilic glycogen-rich secretion** + coil tightly up through stroma * **lacunae filled w/ blood** → darker color

Answer 64

* upper portion = **stratum compactum**, contains ducts of glands * lower portion (hence middle portion of endometrium) = **stratum spongiosum**, contains main bulk of uterine gll.

Answer 65

1. **menstrual phase** 3-4 d 2. **proliferative phase** 8-10 d 3. **secretory phase** 14 d

Answer 66

_regeneration of stratum functionale_ due to **estrogen** secretion by thecae int. ## Footnote → basal ends of uterine glands migrate to form **new surface epithelium** → spiral aa. lengthen + form **extensive microvasc.**

Answer 67

_preparation for implantation of embryo_ due to **progesterone** secreted by corpus luteum * uterine gll. secrete **glycogen** * lacunae are filled **w/ blood** → endometrial edema

Answer 68

_menstruation = menses_ due to decreasing levels of estrogen/progesterone * spasm in spiral aa. → **interrupting blood flow** * incr. synthesis of prostaglandins → vasoconstriction → **limits blood loss** **⇒ stratum functionale + assocciated structures slough off**

Answer 69

**_VAGINA_** * **stra. squ. ep.** (E) * lamina propria (LP) penetrating w/ **papillae** into epithelium * indistinctive **tunica muscularis** (M) * (not seen here, but adventitia) _REMEMBER differences to esophagus/ureter:_ - **no glands**, **submucosa**, **musc. mucosae,** like esophagus - no **urothelium**, like ureter