Mouth - Pharynx Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2/(3) parts of the oral cavity?
It is lined by..?
A
parts:
- vestibulum oris
- cavitas oris propria
- (isthmus faucium)
lined by tunica mucosa oris
2
Q
What are the borders of the vestibulum oris?
What opens into it?
A
- anteriorly: lips
- interiorly: dental arches
- laterally: cheeks
minor salivary glands + gl. parotidea
3
Q
What are the borders of the cavitas oris propria?
A
- anteriorly + laterally: proc. alveolares, teeth, gingiva
- posteriorly: isthmus faucium
- roof: palatum durum/molle
- floor: diaphragma orist
4
Q
1 - 5
A
1) cheek
2) lip
3) vestibulum oris
4) arcus palatopharyngeus
5) arcus palatoglossus
5
Q
6 - 10
A
6) uvula
7) tonsilla palatina
8) processus alveolaris
9) frenulum labii inf.
10) frenulum labii sup.
6
Q
11 - 14
A
11) papilla incisiva
12) raphe palati
13) plicae palatinae transversae
14) isthmus faucium
7
Q
What are the layers of the cheeks?
A
from inside to outside:
- tunica mucosa oris
- m. buccinator
- corpus adiposum buccae
- m. masseter
8
Q
1 - 5
Which 2 structures meet at #4?
What seperates the lips from the cheeks?
A
1) labium superior
2) labium inferior
3) angulus oris
4) rima oris (vermillion border + mucosa meet)
5) philtrum
sulcus nasolabialis
9
Q
How are the lips and cheecks innervated?
Which vessels are responsible for the blood supply?
A
-
sensory innervation:
- upper lip: n. infraorbitalis
- lower lip: n. mentalis
- tunica mucosa: n. buccalis
- blood supply: a. + v. facialis
10
Q
What are the muscles of the diaphragma oris?
By which muscle is it mainly formed?
What is their common action?
A
muscles: = suprahyoid muscles
- m. mylohyoideus (main part of diaphragma oris)
- m. geniohyoideus
- m. digastricus
- m. stylohyoideus
⇒ active opening of mouth, raising hyoid, swallowing
11
Q
A
m. mylohyoideus
- ORIGIN: linea mylohyoidea
- INSERTION: raphe + hyoid bone
- INNERVATION: n. mylohyoideus (n. mandibularis)
12
Q
A
m. geniohyoideus
- ORIGIN: spina mentalis
- INSERTION: hyoid bone
- INNERVATION: ventral rami of plexus cervicalis
13
Q
A
m. digastricus
- ORIGIN:
- venter ant.: fossa digastrica
- venter post.: incisura mastoidea
- INSERTION: hyoid bone
- INNERVATION:
- venter ant.: n. mylohyoideus
- venter post.: n. facialis
14
Q
A
m. stylohyoideus
- ORIGIN: proc. styloideus
- INSERTION: corpus + cornu majus
- INNERVATION: n. facialis
15
Q
1 - 5
What opens into #3?
Which structure forms #4?
Which glands open into #5?
Mistake in drawing: #5 is at medial tip of #4,
A
1) frenulum linguae
2) v. profunda linguae
3) plica fimbriata (gl. lingualis ant. opens into)
4) plica sublingualis (gl. sublingualis)
5) caruncula sublingualis (gl. sublingualis, submandibularis open into)
16
Q
Where is the sulcus lateralis linguae?
What does it contain?
A
btw m. mylohyoideus & m. hyoglossus
content:
- n. hypoglossus
- n. lingualis
- v. sublingualis
- ductus submandibularis (Wharton duct)
17
Q
What are the layers of the palatum durum?
What does the most superficial layer contain in its posterior portion and what is it continuous with?
A
from deep to superficial:
- skeletal framework: proc. palatini maxillae, laminae horizontales of palatine bone
- periosteum
- thick mucosa (small mucous secr. gll. palatinae in post. portion), continuous with gingiva
18
Q
Give another name for palatum molle
A
velum palatini
19
Q
1
A
m. tensor veli palatini
- ORIGIN: cranial base, tuba auditiva
- INSERTION: aponeurosis palatina
- INNERVATION: n. mandibularis
- ACTION: tenses + elevates palatum molle, opens tuba auditiva
20
Q
2
A
m. levator veli palatini
- ORIGIN: cranial base
- INSERTION: aponeurosis palatina
- INNERVATION: plexus pharyngeus (n. glossopharyngeus, n vagus)
- ACTION: elevates + retracts palatum molle, opens tuba auditiva
21
Q
3
A
m. palatoglossus
- ORIGIN: aponeurosis palatina
- INSERTION: lat. margin of base of tongue
- INNERVATION: n. glosspharyngeus
- ACTION: contracts isthmus faucium
22
Q
4
A
m. palatopharyngeus
- ORIGIN: aponeurosis palatina
- INSERTION: in arcus palatopharyngeus
- INNERVATION: n. glosspharyngeus
- ACTION: elevates isthmus faucium
23
Q
m. uvulae
A
- ORIGIN: aponeurosis palatina, palatum durum
- INSERTION: aponeurosis uvulae
- INNERVATION: plexus pharyngeus
- ACTION: shortens uvula
24
Q
What are the 4 different kinds of papillae linguales?
Give brief information.
A
- _papillae filiformes: _
- __threadlike
- all over the dorsum
- tactile information
-
papillae fungiformes:
- mushroom-shaped
- on margins
- taste buds, mechano-/thermoreceptors
-
papillae foliatae:
- leaf-shaped
- in rows along post. margin of tongue
- contain abundant taste buds
-
papillae vallate:__
- largest type
- 7-12 ant. to sulcus terminalis
- taste buds
25
Explain the sensory innervation of the tongue.
Which nerve innervates all tongue muscles?
_Sensory:_
* pars presulcis: n. lingualis (
* pars postsulcis: n. glossopharyngeus
* receptor organs:
* except pap. vallate: chorda tympani (
* valleculae epiglotticae: n. vagus
⇒ muscular innervation by n. hypoglossus
26
#1 - 5
1) m. palatoglossus
2) m. styloglossus
3) m. genioglossus
4) m. hyoglossus
5) hyoid bone
27
#6 - 7
6) spina mentalis
7) mandibula
28
_m. genioglossus_
* ORIGIN: spina mentalis
* INSERTION: aponeurosis linguae
* ACTION: tongue forward, downward
29
_m. hyoglossus_
* ORIGIN: cornu majus of hyoid bone
* INSERTION: aponeurosis linguae
* ACTION: tongue backward, upward
30
_m. styloglossus_
* ORIGIN: proc. styloideus
* INSERTION: tongue, apex linguae
* ACTION: tongue backward, upward
31
What are the 3 kinds of intrinsic muscles of the tongue? Name their action + innervation.
What seperates them?
* mm. longitudinales sup. + inf.
* m. transversus linguae
* m. verticalis linguae
⇒ alter shape of tongue (2 work antagonistically)
⇒ innervated by n. hypoglossus
⇒ seperated by septum linguae
32
#1 - 5
1) apex linguae
2) dorsum linguae
3) sulcus terminalis
4) foramen caecum
5) pars presulcalis
33
#6 - 10
6) pars postsulcalis
7) margo linguae
8) sulcus medianus linguae
9) tonsilla palatina
10) plica glossoepiglottica mediana
34
#11 - 13
11) plica glossoepiglottica lateralis
12) valleculae epiglotticae
13) folliculi linguales
35
Differentiate btw minor salivary glands.
Where are they located and what is their function?
* _mucous glands:_ in lips, cheeks, tongue, palate + gl. lingualis ant.
* _serous glands:_ cleansing glands on papillae
⇒ moisten oral mucosa
36
What are the 3 major salivary glands?
* gl. parotidea
* gl. submandibularis
* gl. sublingualis
37
What does the gl. parotidea secrete?
Where is it located?
Where does it drain into?
Are there any special features?
How is it innervated?
* _type of secretion:_ **purely serous**
* _location:_ encapsuled by fascia parotidea, located in **fossa retromandibularis** (parotid nest)
* _drains into:_ into **papilla parotidea** in vestibulum oris at upper 2nd premolar via ductus parotideus
* _special feature:_ ductus parotideus (= **STENSEN duct**) often accompanied by gl. parotidea accessoria
* _innervation:_ parasymp. by **n. glossopharyngeus (IX)**
38
What are symptoms of mumps?
1. inflammation → enlargement of gl. parotidea → pressure on n. facialis
2. ductus parotideus visible in vestibulum oris
39
What does the gl. submandibularis secrete?
Where is it located?
Where does it drain into?
How is it innervated?
* _secretion:_ **predominantly serous**
* _location:_ in **trigonum submandibulare**
* _drains into:_ caruncula sublingualis via ductus submandibularis (= **Wharton duct**)
* _innervation:_ parasymp. by **chorda tympani**
40
What does the gl. sublingualis secrete?
Where is it located and it is responsible for the formation of which structure?
Where do its parts drain into?
How is it innervated?
* _secretion:_ predominantly mucous
* _location__:_ on m. mylohyoideus, forms plica sublingualis
* _drains into:_
* __principal gland via **duct of Bartholin** into caruncula sublingualis
* minor sublingual glands via **ducts of Rivinus** into plica sublingualis
* _innervation:_ parasymp. by chorda tympani
41
How much saliva is produced each day in average?
Differentiate.
approx. 0.5 - 1.5l/day
_Types of saliva:_
* resting saliva: mostly by gl. submandibularis
* stimulated saliva: 50% by gl. parotidea
42
#1 - 5
1) m. sternocleidomastoideus
2) m. digastricus, venter post.
3) m. masseter
4) m. pterygoideus med.
5) "stylo-" muscles
43
#6 - 11
6) proc. pterygoideus
7) gl. parotidea
8) ramus mandibulae
9) n. facialis
10) n. auricotemporalis
11) fascia parotideomasseterica
44
How long is the pharynx and what are its 3 parts?
Each part extends from .. to.. ?
12 - 15 cm
* _pars nasalis pharyngis:_ choana → palatum molle
* _pars oralis pharyngis:_ palatum molle → plica pharyngoepiglottica
* _pars laryngea pharyngis:_ plica pharyngoepiglottica → esophagus
45
Which structures open into the pharynx?
Consider the esophagus as a continuation.
* nasal cavity → choana → nasopharynx
* oral cavity → isthmus faucium → oropharynx
* larynx → aditus larnygis → laryngopharynx
* middle ear → tuba auditiva → nasopharynx
46
What surrounds the pharynx?
It can be differentiated into.. ?
It connects to.. ?
_spatium peripharyngeum:_ = filled with conn. tissue
* spatium retropharyngeum
* spatium parapharyngeum
⇒ connects to mediastinum caudally
47
Differentiate btw the different structures of tunica mucosa in the different parts of the pharnyx.
* _in nasopharynx:_ ciliated resp epithelium
* _in oro-/laryngopharynx:_ stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium, gll. pharyngeales → saliva
* _subepithelial conn. tissue:_ elastic fibers allow stretching/coiling
48
Which muscles act upon the pharynx?
They are innervated by.. ?
* _constrictors:_ by plexus pharyngeus
* m. constrictor pharyngis superior
* m. constrictor pharyngis medius
* m. constrictor pharyngis inferior
* _levatores pharyngis:_ by n. glossopharyngeus
* m. stylopharyngeus
* m. palatopharyngeus
* m. salpingopharyngeus
49
Which nerves form the plexus pharyngeus?
n. glosspharyngeus (IX) + n. vagus (X)
50
What are the parts of m. constrictor pharyngis superior?
Origin, insertion, action?
What does it form when contracted?
* ORIGIN:
* _pars pterygoph.:_ proc. pterygoideus
* _pars buccoph.:_ raphe pterygomandibularis
* _pars myloph.:_ linea mylohyoidea
* _pars glossoph.:_ tongue
* INSERTION: raphe pharyngis
* ACTION: closure of nasal cavity ⇒ Passavant's ridge
51
What are the parts of m. constrictor pharyngis medius?
Origin, insertion, action.
* ORIGIN:
* _pars chondroph.:_ cornu minus of hyoid bone
* _pars ceratoph.:_ cornu majus of hyoid bone
* INSERTION: raphe pharyngis
* ACTION: movement of bolus
52
What are the parts of m. constrictor pharyngis inferior?
Origin, insertion, action.
Which special structures are formed by it?
* ORIGIN:
* _pars tyroph.:_ cartilago thyroidea
* _pars cricoph.:_ cartilago cricoidea
⇒ Killian's (cranially), Laimer's triangle (caudally)
* INSERTION: raphe pharyngis
* ACTION: closure of aditus laryngis
53
What is the clinical relevance of Killian's triangle?
weakest point of pharynx → possible site of hernias → Zenker's diverticulum (up to fist size)
54
Which tonsills from a special structure in the area of the pharynx and what is its name?
What is their function?
_Waldeyer's ring:_
* 1x t. pharyngea
* 2x t. tubaria
* 2x t. palatina
* 1x t. lingualis
⇒ first contact btw tidal air + food → lymphatic action
55
What can be possible effects of adenoids?
swelling → possible closure of ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae → deafness
56
What is essential for a successful deglutition?
Explain each procedure.
* _closure of nasopharynx:_ closure upper airways
* elevation of isthmus faucium
* contraction of m. constrictor pharyngis sup. → Passavant's ridge
* _closure of larynx:_ closure lower airways
* elevation of larynx against epiglottis by mm. levatores pharyngis + diaphragma oris
* _movement of bolus to esophagus:_ by mm. of tongue and mm. constrictores
57
#1 - 5
1) fornix
2) t. pharyngea
3) choana
4) plica salpingopharyngea + m.
5) plica salpingopalatina + m.
58
#6 - 9
6) torus tobarius
7) torus levatorius
8) ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivea
9) t. tobaria
59
What might be the effect of an enlarged pharyngeal tonsil in children?
→ displacing choanae → **impairing nasal breathing**
or
→ displacing pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube → **abnormal ventilation of the auditory tube**
60
Torus levatorius and torus tobarius can serve as .. ?
anatomical landmarks for a probe and catheter to examine the tuba auditiva
61
#1 - 5
What forms #3 also?
1) cartilago cricoidea
2) cartilago thyroidea
3) os hyoideum (cornu majus)
4) cornu minus
5) mandibula
62
#6 - 10
6) linea mylohyoidea
7) proc. pterygoideus
8) tuberculum pharyngeum
9) clivus
10) raphe pterygomandibularis
63
#11 - 16
11) fascia pharyngobasilaris
12) lamina prevertebralis of fascia cervicalis
13) spatium retropharyngeum
14) m. constrictor pharyngis superior
15) m. constrictor pharyngis medius
16) m. constrictor pharyngis inferior
64
Explain heterodont dentition.
Also list the different types.
**teeth are shaped according to their function**
****_types of teeth per quadrant:_
* **2 incisives** → biting
* **1 canine** → tearing + grasping
* **2 premolars** → grinding
* **3 molars** → chewing
⇒ 32 teeth in total
65
Explain diphyodont dentition.
**deciduous teeth** are replaced by **permanent teeth**
* first deciduous after 6 - 7 months
* first permanent at 6 - 7th year
_BUT:_ NO molar deciduous teeth → **only 20** inst. of 32
66
Differentiate btw tooth segments.
* **root** (radix) = in procc. alveolares of maxilla/mandible
* **neck** (cervix dentis) = in gingiva
* **crown** (corona) = with apex/cusps
67
How many roots does each type of tooth have?
* **incisive:** 1 root
* **canine:** 1 root
* **premolar:** 2 roots for upper, 1 root for lower
* **molar:** 3 roots for upper, 2 roots for lower
68
Explain following terms:
* **buccal** surface
* **labial** surface
* **lingual** surface
* **palatal** surface
* **mesial** surface
* **distal** surface
* **apikal** surface
* **cervical** surface
* **occlusal** surface
* **buccal** surface = to cheeks (vestibular)
* **labial** surface = to lips (vestibular)
* **lingual** surface = to tongue (upper)
* **palatal** surface = to palatine (lower)
* **mesial** surface = ant./med.
* **distal** surface = post./lat.
* **apikal** surface = to apex
* **cervical** surface = to cervix
* **occlusal** surface = to opposing dental arcade
69
Explain the dental formula for deciduous as well as permanent teeth.
_first digit = **quadrant**_
* 1 - 4 for permanent
* 5 - 8 for deciduous
_second digit = tooth from **mesial to distal**_
* 1 - 8 for permanent
* 1 - 5 for deciduous
*ex:* 63 = canine in left max. quadrant
70
Explain the structure of teeth.
* bulk of tooth = **dentin** + inside **pulp cavity** (vascularized)
* crown covered by **enamel**
* cervix + root covered by **cementum**
⇒ tooth held in proc. alveolaris by **periodontal lig.**
⇒ **periodontium** = periodontal lig., cementum, gingiva + alveolar wall
71
Which vessels supply/drain the teeth?
Innervation?
_supply:_
* *upper jaw:* ****a. infraorbitalis → **a. alveolaris sup. ant./post./med.**
* *lower jaw:* a. maxillaris → **a. alveolaris inf.**
****_drainage:_ *cf. supply*
_innervation:_ (all from rami of n. trigeminus) *cf. supply*
