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ANATOMY - Cardio & Resp > Resp. Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Resp. Thorax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
~ Larynx

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tracT?

A

~Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs

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3
Q

What seperates the upper/lower respiratory tracts?

A

The sternal angle or cricoid cartilage.

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4
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Ring shaped cartilage of the larynx

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5
Q

What term refers to the branching structure of airways?

A

The respiratory or Tracheobronchial tree

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6
Q

What is teh differnce between the conducting & respiratory portions of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Conducting portion - No gas exchange occurs

Respiratory portion - Gas exchange occurs.

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7
Q

What are the 10 sections of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

1) TRachea
2) Main Bronchus
3) Lobar Bronchus
4) Segmental Bronchus
5) Conducting Bronchus
6) Terminal Bronchus
7) Respiratory BRonchus
8) Alveolar Duct
9) Alveolar Sac
10) Alveolus

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8
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

Anterior Neck

Between C3-C6

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9
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

The Vagus Nerve

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10
Q

Where does the larynx extend?

A

From the epiglottis tip to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

What are the important pieces of surface anatomy in the larynx?

A

Hyoid
Thyrohyoid membrane
Laryngeal Prominence
Cricoid Cartilage

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12
Q

At what vertebral level is the Hyoid?

A

C2/C3

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13
Q

At what vertebral level is the Thyrohyoid membrane?

A

C4

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14
Q

At what vertebral level is the Laryngeal Prominence?

A

C5

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15
Q

At what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage/start of trachea?

A

C6

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16
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior

Inferior

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17
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior
Inferior
Middle

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18
Q

What do we call the inferior surface of the lungs?

A

Diaphragmatic

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19
Q

What do we call the medial surface of the lungs?

A

Mediastinal

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20
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung?

A

Costal
Medial
Inferior

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21
Q

What is the lingula?

A

A thin tongue like process of the superior lobe in the left lung.

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22
Q

What creates the lingula?

A

The cardiac notch

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23
Q

What is the lung hilum?

A

Area on the mediastinal surface where lung root enters

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24
Q

Whats lung root?

A

Group os structures entering the lung:

  • Bronchus
  • Artery
  • Veins
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
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25
Q

What are the 2 bronchi of the right lung?

A

Eparterial bronchus supplies superior lobe

Hyparterial bronchus supplies middle/inferior lobe

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26
Q

What structure of the hilum is the most superior?

A

Pulmonary artery (eparterial bronchus in r. lung)

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27
Q

What structure is most inferior in the hilum?

A

Inferior Pulmonary Vein

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28
Q

What structure is the most anterior in the hilum?

A

Superior Pulmonary Vein

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29
Q

What structure is the most posterior in the hilum?

A

Bronchus

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30
Q

What are the 4 sections f the parietal pleura?

A

Cupular (cervical)
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
Costal

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31
Q

What nerves supply the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal

Phrenic

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32
Q

What nerves supply the visceral pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves (T2-T5)

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33
Q

What is a pleural reflection?

A

Place at which parietal pleura changes direction

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34
Q

What is a plerual recess?

A

Increased space between pleura at relfections

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35
Q

What are the names of the pleural reflections/recesses?

A

Costomediastinal (center)

Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic angle)

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36
Q

At what level is hte inferior margin of the lung in the midclavicular line?

A

Rib 6

37
Q

At what level is hte inferior margin of the lung in the midaxillary line?

A

Rib 8

38
Q

At what level is the inferior margin of the lung at the midscapular line?

A

Rib 10

39
Q

What the differnece between the inferior marign of the lung and the parietal pleura?

A

The inferior margin of the parietal pleura is 2 ribs lower.

40
Q

What rib does the horizontal fissure follow?

A

4th rib anteriorly

41
Q

What rib does the oblique fissures follow?

A

Begin at T3 spine and follow 6th rib anteriorly.

42
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A

Tracheal cartilage
Submucosa
Mucosa (Lamina propria & Respiratory epithelium)

43
Q

What is absent from bronchioles?

A

Cartilage
Glands
Goblet cells

44
Q

What happens to the epithelial tissue down the airway?

A

It becomes flatter from trachea -> alveoli:
Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous

45
Q

What happens to cartilage down the airway?

A

Trachea - Rings
Bronchi - Small plates
Bronchioles - absent

46
Q

What parts make up the thoracic inlet?

A

T1
1st rib pair
Manubrium
1st pair costal cartilage

47
Q

How many articular facets are there on a ribs head?

A

2

Except the 1st rib which has 1

48
Q

What is the extra tubercle on the 1st rib for?

A

Attaching to the scalene muscle

49
Q

What lies in the 1st rib anterior groove?

A

Subclavian Vein

50
Q

What leis int he 1st ribs posterior groove?

A

Subclavian artery & lowest trunk of brachial plexus

51
Q

With what does the head of the rib articulate?

A

The body of the vertebrae with the same number andteh one above

52
Q

What is the name for the rib-vertebra joint?

A

Costovertebral joint

53
Q

What kind of joint is the costovertebral joint?

A

Synovial plane

54
Q

With what does the tubercle of the rib articulate?

A

The transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number

55
Q

Whats the name of the rib-transverse process joint?

A

Costotransverse joint

56
Q

What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

57
Q

What makes up the thoracic outlet (anatomically)?

A

T12 vertebra
11th & 12th ribs
Xiphisternal joint
Costal cartilage of tibs 7-10

58
Q

Where does the left side of the chest wall drain to?

A

Left side of chest wall

  • > Thoracic Duct
  • > Left brachiocephalic Vein
59
Q

What is a brachiocephalic vein?

A

Vein produced at the merge of the internal jugular vein & subclavian vein

60
Q

Where does the right side of the chest wall drain to?

A

Right side of chest wall

  • > Right lymphatic Duct
  • > Right Brachiocephalic Vein
61
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Lumbar vertebrae
Arcuate ligaments
Costal cartilage of 7-12 ribs
Xiphisternum

62
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

63
Q

What re the right and left crura?

A

Tendinous parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae

64
Q

From where does the right crus arise?

A

L1-L3

65
Q

From where does the elft crus arise?

A

L1-L2

66
Q

How does the right crus prevent gastric reflux?

A

Some fibres suround the oesophageal opening

67
Q

What movement does teh diaphragm make in inspiration?

A

Contracts & descends

i.e. flattens

68
Q

What nerve roots make up the phrenic nerve?

A

Anterior rami of the C3, C4, C5

69
Q

Which part od the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm via the inferior surface?

A

Motor fibres

70
Q

What part of the diaphragm are supplied by sensory fibres of teh phrenic nerve?

A

The central part

71
Q

What part of the diaphragm is innervated by the intercostal nerves?

A

sensory fibres of Intercostal nerves from T7-T12 innervate the peripheral protion of the dipahragm

72
Q

What is the name of the hiatus transmitting the IVC?

A

The caval opening

73
Q

What does teh caval opening transmit?

A

The IVC

Right phrenic nerve

74
Q

What does the aortic hiatus transmit?

A
  • Aorta
  • Azygos vein
  • Hemiazygos vein
  • Thoracic Duct
75
Q

What does the oesophageal hiatus transmit?

A
  • Oesophagus

- Both Vagus nerves

76
Q

At what vertberal level is the caval opening?

A

T8

77
Q

At what vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

78
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

79
Q

What part of the diaphragm is penetrated by the caval opening?

A

Caval opening penetrates the central tendon

80
Q

What part of the diaphragm is penetrated by the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Muscular sling of the right crus

81
Q

What part of the diaphragm is penetrated by the Aortic hiatus?

A

Between the right/left crus.

82
Q

From where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3-C5 (but mainly C4)

83
Q

In whats ways do the phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

Motor supply

Sensory supply to the central tendon

84
Q

What nerve is repsonsible for innervating the larynx?

A

The vagus nerve

85
Q

What are the arcuate ligaments?

A

Peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

There are 3

86
Q

Name the 3 arcuate ligaments?

A

Medial
Median
Lateral

87
Q

What does the median arcuate ligament do?

A

It joins the right and left crura

88
Q

Where do the crura attach?

A

Right - L1-L3

Left - L1-L2

ANATOMY - Cardio & Resp (8 decks)

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