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ANATOMY - Cardio & Resp > Bones & Joints > Flashcards

Bones & Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the Sternum?

A
  • Manubrium, triangular bone making up the superior sternum
  • Body of the Sternum
  • Xiphisternum, (Xiphoid process) process at inferior end of sternum. T6 dermatome.
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2
Q

What joint is involved in the Sternum?

A

The Sternal angle or sternomanubrial joint.
Joint between the manubrium and sternal body
Located at T4 vertebral level.

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3
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

The bony prominance behind the ear

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4
Q

Where do tendons & ligaments attach above the elbow joint?

A

To the lateral & medial epicondyles of the humerus.

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5
Q

What is the lump of the elbow called?

A

The olecranon process of the Ulna

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6
Q

Where is the summit of the illiac crest?

A

The intercristal plane.

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7
Q

What is the sharp prominance at the anterior end of the iliac crest called?

A

The anterior superior iliac spine

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8
Q

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

The secondary cartilaginous joint that joins hip bones anteriorly.

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9
Q

What is the bony prominence at the proximal end of the femur called?

A

The greater trochanter of the femur

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10
Q

What is the patella?

A

Knee-cap

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11
Q

What is the bony line of the shin called?

A

The anterior border of the Tibia

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12
Q

What are the medial & lateral malleolus?

A

Bony prominences at either side of the ankle.

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13
Q

What are the 3 embryonic layers?

A

The ectoderm,mesoderm & endoderm.

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14
Q

What embryonic layer gives rise to nerve tissue?

A

The ectoderm

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Bone, Cartilage & skeletal muscle

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16
Q

From where does skin arise?

A

The ectoderm (epidermis) and mesoderm (dermis)

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17
Q

From where does smooth muscle arise?

A

The Mesoderm & ectoderm.

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18
Q

How can hyaline cartilae be recognised?

A

Not very dense.

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19
Q

How do we recognise trabecular bone?

A
  • Marrow channels (possibly with adipose
    droplets)
  • Bony trabeculae partitions (pink)
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20
Q

How is cortical bone recognised?

A
  • Small dark lancunae

- circular osteons surrounding haversian canals

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21
Q

What does the epithyseal growth plate look like?

A

Hyaline cartilage (white without magnification)

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22
Q

Where are axial bones?

A

The long axis of the body/trunk

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23
Q

Where are appendicular bones?

A

In the limbs (i.e. appended to the axial skeleton)

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24
Q

What do limb girdles do?

A

They surround & support the proximal ends of the limb

They provide a point of attachment for appendicular boens

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25
Q

What bones make up the lower limb girdles?

A

The ischium, Illium and Pubis (together they make up the hip bone)

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26
Q

What bones make up the upper limb girdles?

A

The scapula & clavicle

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27
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Support, protection & element storage

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28
Q

What is the function of Diploe bone?

A

To provide flexibility & RBC production (contains red marrow)

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29
Q

What is the function of the marrow cavity?

A

Fat storage as adipose tissue & blood cell production.

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30
Q

Whats the periosteum?

A

The connective tissue covering around the outer cortical bone (except at joints)

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31
Q

Whats the function of the periosteum?

A

It anchors ligaments & muscles.

Contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts for bone turnover

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32
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The connective tissue covering lining the medullary cavity

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33
Q

What covers articulated joints?

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

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34
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Growth is thickness & width of bone by adding new tissue from the periosteum

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35
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth in bone lenth by adding tissue at the epithyseal growth plates

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36
Q

What are the 6 types of bone?

A

FILSSS

  • flat
  • irregular
  • long
  • short
  • sesamoid
  • sutural
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37
Q

What bones are flat?

A

SKull & rib bones

38
Q

What boens are irregular?

A

Vertebrae & mandible

39
Q

Examles of short bones?

A

Carple & tarsal bones

40
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella

41
Q

Function of sesamoid bones?

A

Diminish friction & alter direction of muscle pull. (therefore usually associated with joints)

42
Q

Examples of long bones?

A

Humerus & femur

43
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Small bones within the sutural joints of the skull.

44
Q

Where are condyles & what is their function?

A

The distal end of the humerus

They form aticulated joints with other radius & ulna

45
Q

What makes up the condyle of the humerus?

A
  • A capitellum (process) to form humeroradial joint.

- A trochlea (groove) to form humeroulnar joint.

46
Q

What is the head of the humerus?

A

The swelling at the proximal end for the glenohumeral joint

47
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The constriction relative tot he head of the humerus

48
Q

What is the humerus’ surgical neck?

A

Constriction below the tuberosities of the humerus,

49
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Rough prominences for attaching ligaments & muscles

50
Q

How do vertebrae connect?

A

By 4 articular facets forming synovial plane joints

51
Q

What is the transverse process of the vertebrae?

A

Bony tissue laid down around pre-existing nerves & blood vessels to form a bony foramen.

52
Q

What is contained in the lateral angle of the scapula?

A

The glenoid fossa (shallow depression)

53
Q

What are foramina?

A

Tiny holes in bone that channel blood vessels & nerves.

54
Q

What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of skul, face, jaw & clavicle centre

55
Q

What bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

Forms most body bones (notably long bones)

56
Q

Name the 6 synovial joints:

A 
Condylar
Plane
Pivot
Ball & socket
hinge
Saddle
(PPBCHS)
57
Q

Example of plane joints?

A

Acromioclavicular

Vertebral facets

58
Q

Example of hinge joints?

A

Elbows & Knees and interphalangeal

59
Q

Example of pivot joints?

A

Both radioulnar joints and C1-C2

60
Q

Example of saddle joints?

A

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

61
Q

Example of ball & socket joints?

A

Shoulder/hips

62
Q

Examples of condylar joints?

A

(ellipsoid) such as wrist,
metacarpophalangeal joints,
2-5th carpometacarpal joints
C1-skull (atlantooccipital)

63
Q

Function of condylar joints?

A

Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction.

64
Q

What do all synovial joints contain?

A

An outer fibrous capsule
An inner synovial membrane
A synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid
Articular Cartilage

65
Q

What other structures can synovial joints contain?

A
  • Bursae, fluid filled sacs
  • Ligaments
  • Synovial discs
66
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Joints made from fibrous connective tissue

Allow sligt movement in chidhood

67
Q

What are primary cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses
Only uses hyaline cartilage
Epytheseal growth plate & 1st sternocostal joint

68
Q

What are secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses
Uses hylaine & fibrous cartilage
Always found in midline

69
Q

What is anatomical variation?

A

Deviations within the range of whats normal

70
Q

What is an anatomical anomaly?

A

A deviation outside what is considered the normal range

71
Q

What is the joint of the teeth called?

A

The gumphosis. (Dental Alveolar joint)

72
Q

What are the 5 main arteries of the upper arm? (in descending order) and their locations

A 
Subclavian (under the clavicle)
Axillary (across scapula & glenohumeral joint)
Brachial (humerus)
Radial (radius)
Ulnar (Ulna)
73
Q

Which is which fibia/tibula?

A

Fibia is small, lateral

Tibia is large, medial, anterior border is the shin

74
Q

What joint involves the xiphisternum & where it is?

A

The xiphisternal joint
Xiphisternum and Sternum body
T9

75
Q

Wheres the epyphyses?

A

The ends of longs bones after the epytheseal growth plate

76
Q

Wheres the metaphysis?

A

The secion of a long bone between epyphesis & Diaphysis, containing the epythseal growth plate

77
Q

wheres the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of a long bone, containing medullary cavity

78
Q

What is the heel bone called?

A

Calcaneous

79
Q

What are the nuckles called?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

80
Q

What type of joint are knuckles?

A

Condyler

81
Q

What is joint called in the palm between carpal & metacarpal?

A

Carpometacarpal joint

82
Q

Whats the carpometacarpal joint?

A

1st (thumb) is saddle

2nd-5th (fingers) are condyler

83
Q

What are the interphalangeal joints?

A

Hinge synovial

84
Q

How does the humeral condyle feel?

A

Smooth

85
Q

How do you tell a Radius?

A

Weird little circular bit on the end

86
Q

How can you tell an ulna?

A

Spoonlike motherfucker

87
Q

What is the notch at the proximal end o the ulna?

A
  • Radial Notch

- For The head of the radius

88
Q

What is the process of the Axis called?

A

Odontoid Process

89
Q

What kind of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Pivot Joint

90
Q

What kind of the joint is the aTlantooccipital joint

A

Condyler

ANATOMY - Cardio & Resp (8 decks)

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