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Surgery > Resp/Thoracic LA > Flashcards

Resp/Thoracic LA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary source of resistance in the respiratory system?

A

upper airways (esp. oral cavity)

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2
Q

Why do horse w/ UA issues often present with noisy dyspneic breathing?

A

increase resistance→decrease ventilation

increase turbulence→increase noise

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3
Q

What is a major consideration for sinoscopy procedure?

A

AGE (<teens>
</teens>

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4
Q

What two anatomical structures can be assessed well with rads?

A

paranasal sinuses

dental arcades

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5
Q

What is the biggest issue with rads?

A

superimposition of structures

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6
Q

What is the benefit of CT/MRI compared to rads of the head/larynx?

A

no superimposition of structures

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7
Q

What is MRI good for?

A

ST detail

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8
Q

What is engorgement of the nasal mucosa associated with?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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9
Q

Wry nose

A

deviation of the maxilla

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10
Q
A

epidermal inclusion cyst (atheromas)

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11
Q

What are the different sinuses in the head and are they connected? Connected to the nose?

A

Paired Sinuses
◦ Frontal
◦ Caudal maxillary
◦ Rostral maxillary
◦ Dorsal conchal
◦ Ventral conchal
◦ Sphenopalatine
all comunicate on the same side either direct/indirect

all communicate to nose via nasomaxillary aperature/middle meatus

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12
Q

What are the primary and secondary diseases associated w/ sinusitis?

A

primary: usually strep. sp.
secondary: dental dz*, mass, trauma

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13
Q

Main diagnostics for paranasal sinuses?

A
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14
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

fluid line

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15
Q

How do you know this is sinusitis and not a mass in the sinus?

A

presence of gas in the sinus

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16
Q

What is the general tx for sinusitis?

A

Primary: lavage (trephine), abx, +/- SX debridement

Secondary: address underlying cause & tx like primary

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17
Q

What are the landmarks for frontal sinus trephination?

A
18
Q

location of caudal maxillary sinus for trephination?

A

2cm ventral to the medial canthus

19
Q

location of rostral maxillary sinus

A
20
Q

A horse presents with a facial deformity. DDX?

Tx? Prognosis?

A

paranasal sinus cyst

SX debridement; good prognosis

21
Q

Most common sinus neoplasia?

A

SCC

22
Q

Mild intermittent epistaxis (most often unilateral) w/o facial deformity/sig airway obstruction indicates?

A

progressive ethmoid hematoma

23
Q

What is the best way to diagnose an ethmoid hematoma?

A

endoscopy

24
Q

What are the three ways to tx an ethmoid hematoma?

A

intralesional 10% formalin

LASER photoablation

surgical removal (sinus)

Prognosis is good but recurrence not uncommon

25
Q

What conditions are associated with the pharynx in adults and foals?

A
26
Q

In which horses is this condition seen?

How to tx?

A

lymphoid hyperplasia: young horses (immune stimulation)

dx: endoscopy
tx: rarely needed (rest & anti-inflam)

27
Q

When performing an exercising endoscopy on a horse with a possible dorsal displacement of the soft palate, when would you expect to hear noise from the breathing?

A

during expiration

28
Q

What are the conservative and SX treatments for DDSP?

A
29
Q

What is the prognosis for tx of DDSP in horses?

A

60%

80-90% for the tie-forward in standardbred racehorses

30
Q

If a horse has RL nerve paralysis, when will noise be herd with breathing?

Most common side?

Breeds?

A

inspiration

left side

TB/draft

31
Q

How can recurrent laryngeal paralysis be DX?

A
32
Q

TX for RL neuropathy?

A
33
Q

What exists in the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

external carotid a. & maxillary a.

facial n.

34
Q

What exists in the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

A
35
Q

Most common infectious agent causing guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Aspergillus

36
Q

How do you differentiate epistaxis from GP mycosis vs. rupture of the ventral straight muscles?

A

VSM: avulsion fracture at the base of the skull

37
Q

A horse presents with epistaxis, nasal discharge, miosis (ie, constricted pupil), partial ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating (ie, anhidrosis), dysphagia & abnormal resp noise. DDX?

A

GP mycosis

38
Q

The tracheal rings are incomplete (ventral/dorsal).

A

dorsal

39
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A
40
Q

Location for tracheostomy tube placement?

A

Surgery (8 decks)

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