Resp/Thoracic LA Flashcards
What is the primary source of resistance in the respiratory system?
upper airways (esp. oral cavity)
Why do horse w/ UA issues often present with noisy dyspneic breathing?
increase resistance→decrease ventilation
increase turbulence→increase noise
What is a major consideration for sinoscopy procedure?
AGE (<teens>
</teens>
What two anatomical structures can be assessed well with rads?
paranasal sinuses
dental arcades
What is the biggest issue with rads?
superimposition of structures
What is the benefit of CT/MRI compared to rads of the head/larynx?
no superimposition of structures
What is MRI good for?
ST detail
What is engorgement of the nasal mucosa associated with?
Horner’s syndrome
Wry nose
deviation of the maxilla
epidermal inclusion cyst (atheromas)
What are the different sinuses in the head and are they connected? Connected to the nose?
Paired Sinuses
◦ Frontal
◦ Caudal maxillary
◦ Rostral maxillary
◦ Dorsal conchal
◦ Ventral conchal
◦ Sphenopalatine
all comunicate on the same side either direct/indirect
all communicate to nose via nasomaxillary aperature/middle meatus
What are the primary and secondary diseases associated w/ sinusitis?
primary: usually strep. sp.
secondary: dental dz*, mass, trauma
Main diagnostics for paranasal sinuses?
What is the arrow pointing to?
fluid line
How do you know this is sinusitis and not a mass in the sinus?
presence of gas in the sinus
What is the general tx for sinusitis?
Primary: lavage (trephine), abx, +/- SX debridement
Secondary: address underlying cause & tx like primary
What are the landmarks for frontal sinus trephination?
location of caudal maxillary sinus for trephination?
2cm ventral to the medial canthus
location of rostral maxillary sinus
A horse presents with a facial deformity. DDX?
Tx? Prognosis?
paranasal sinus cyst
SX debridement; good prognosis
Most common sinus neoplasia?
SCC
Mild intermittent epistaxis (most often unilateral) w/o facial deformity/sig airway obstruction indicates?
progressive ethmoid hematoma
What is the best way to diagnose an ethmoid hematoma?
endoscopy
What are the three ways to tx an ethmoid hematoma?
intralesional 10% formalin
LASER photoablation
surgical removal (sinus)
Prognosis is good but recurrence not uncommon
What conditions are associated with the pharynx in adults and foals?
In which horses is this condition seen?
How to tx?
lymphoid hyperplasia: young horses (immune stimulation)
dx: endoscopy
tx: rarely needed (rest & anti-inflam)
When performing an exercising endoscopy on a horse with a possible dorsal displacement of the soft palate, when would you expect to hear noise from the breathing?
during expiration
What are the conservative and SX treatments for DDSP?
What is the prognosis for tx of DDSP in horses?
60%
80-90% for the tie-forward in standardbred racehorses
If a horse has RL nerve paralysis, when will noise be herd with breathing?
Most common side?
Breeds?
inspiration
left side
TB/draft
How can recurrent laryngeal paralysis be DX?
TX for RL neuropathy?
What exists in the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?
external carotid a. & maxillary a.
facial n.
What exists in the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?
Most common infectious agent causing guttural pouch mycosis?
Aspergillus
How do you differentiate epistaxis from GP mycosis vs. rupture of the ventral straight muscles?
VSM: avulsion fracture at the base of the skull
A horse presents with epistaxis, nasal discharge, miosis (ie, constricted pupil), partial ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating (ie, anhidrosis), dysphagia & abnormal resp noise. DDX?
GP mycosis
The tracheal rings are incomplete (ventral/dorsal).
dorsal
What are the layers of the trachea?
Location for tracheostomy tube placement?
