Basic LA Reproductive SX Flashcards
What vaccine should a stallion receive before castration?
tetanus
What are the two key parts of the PE prior to elective castration SX?
check respiratory and CV systems
palpate for two descended testicles
In which LA is standing castration CI?
mules & donkeys
What is the difference between closed, open, and half-closed castrations?
open = vaginal tunic incised & not emasculated;
closed = vaginal tunic not incised so included in emasculation;
half-closed = vaginal tunic incised but included in emasculation.
How long do you leave the emasculators on for?
1-2 minutes
What are the pros and cons for a standing castration?
What are the pros & cons for a recumbent castration?
What is the difference in the action of the serra vs. the reimer emasculators?
Serra: crush & cut
reimer: crush then cut
What is the recommended aftercare for a castration?
Which breeds of horses are more prone to evisceration? Hemorrhage?
TW, standardbreds, saddlebreds
donkeys
List the Possible complications of castration?
What is the difference between the left vs. right testicle being retained in a horse?
Most horses with the left testicle retained will have the testicle within the abdomen, whereas right retained testicles tend to be within the inguinal canal.
What is the difference in rectal palpation between a cryptorchid who has an inguinal vs. abdominal testicle?
If the testis is within the inguinal canal, spermatic cord structures will be palpable traveling into the inguinal canal, whereas if the testis is within the abdomen, these structures will be absent.
What are the various hormonal assays that can be performed to verify a horse is a cryptorchid?
testosterone- not good since values vary widely in stallions
HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin; stimulates a significant increase in basal Testosterone after administration in stallions than in geldings
estrogen & estrone sulfate- crypts/stallions have higher amounts than geldings
Where are the instrument portals made for a standing vs. recumbent laparoscopic sx for cryptorchid?
parainguinal region (recumbent)
paralumbar fossa (standing)
What drug is often associated with penile paralysis?
phenothiazine tranq.
What is the most common indication for SX of the penis?
penile neoplasia (SCC)
habronemiasis (“summer sores”) unresponsive to medical management
What procedure is commonly performed to remove masses from the penis?
When would this procedure be CI?
Segmental Posthetomy (“Circumcision”, “Reefing”)
if the urethra or penile shaft is involved, reefing is not likely to provide an optimal outcome and other procedures should be considered.
When is a phallectomy (penile amputation) indicated?
Describe the procedure.
penile masses involving tissues deeper than the skin, a phallectomy (penile amputation) is often indicated.
This involves resection of all affected tissue and the creation of a new urethral stoma by suturing urethral mucosa to the skin of the caudal ventral abdomen.
What procedure should be performed prior to foaling is an episioplasty was performed on a mare? Why?
episiotomy
to avoid extensive injury and tearing of the vulvar and labial tissue.
When would an episioplasty be indicated?
What are the top two neoplastic processes involving the ovary?
GCT
teratoma
What procedure can be performed for a urovagina?
urethral extension (urethroplasty)
creates a more caudal opening into the urethra
What are the common perineal lacerations? Risk factors?
Is it an emergency?
rectovaginal laceration & fistula
first foal and unassisted birth***
no, have to wait a month anyway for it to heal (tissues too friable right after birth)
What conformational changes that can be noted on general examination may be associated w/ a granulosa-thecal cell tumors?
crested neck, increased muscle mass, enlarged clitoris
To differentiate between a GCT on an ovary and some other mass (hematoma), what can you check?
the CL ovary (should be atrophied)
What two hormone levels will be elevated with GCT?
inhibin (produced by granulosa cells)
testosterone
What structure will be lacking with a GCT of the ovary?
ovulation fossa
What is the most common reason owner’s want their mare ovariectomized?
poor behavior
What are the different procedures for performing an ovariectomy? Main complication?
Based on the size of the ovary, what approaches should be used for ovariectomy?
A colpotomy (vaginal) approach should only be used to remove normal ovaries less than 8-10 cm in diameter;
ovaries up to 15 cm in diameter can be removed safely through a flank approach;
larger ovaries should be removed through a celiotomy incision.
Why has traditional celiotomy approaches to ovariectomy have a higher morbidity and mortality than other elective procedures?
Especially in dorsal recumbency, traction on the mesovarium is thought to result in a reflex hypotension that can potentially lead to inadequate peripheral circulation, resulting in postoperative myopathy and/or neuropathy.
How can uterine torsion be diagnosed?
Rectal examination is diagnostic for this problem, as the broad ligaments can be palpated crossing each other in the caudal abdomen.
How much time from the onset of Stage 2 of parturition do you have to save the foal?
90 minutes
What are the most common indications for a C-section in mares?
a transverse presentation, uterine torsion, and/or uterine rupture and carpal contracture in the foal.
What alternatives to C-section can be attempted first?
vaginal assisted delivery
controlled vaginal delivery
fetotomy (if foal is dead)
