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E.P > Resp. Physiology & Exercise > Flashcards

Resp. Physiology & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing is controlled by what in the brain?

A

Apneustic + pneumotaxic areas

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2
Q

An FVC manoeuvre allows you to estimate the peak expiratory flow rate. We can traditionally do this by placing which two variables on the X and Y axes?

A

X - Time; Y - Volume

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3
Q

What comes under the structural anatomy of the lungs

A

Upper resp tract

Lower resp tract

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4
Q

What comes under the functional anatomy of the lungs

A

Conduction zone

Respiratory zone

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5
Q

What comes under the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose

Nasal cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

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6
Q

What is Adams apple known as?

A

Laryngeal prominence

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7
Q

Is laryngeal prominence restricted to just males??

A

No

It’s just larger + more visible in males

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8
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence exactly?

A

Thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx.

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9
Q

Function of the laryngeal prominence

A

Protects the front of the larynx

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10
Q

Why is the LEFT main bronchus slightly more lateral than the right?

A

To prevent choking

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11
Q

How many lobes are found in the RIGHT lung and what are they?

A

3

Upper, middle + lower lobes

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12
Q

How many lobes are found in the LEFT lung and what are they called?

A

2

Upper + lower lobes

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13
Q

What are some of the types of cells found in the alveoli?

A

Macrophages

Type 1 cell

Type 2 cell

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14
Q

Purpose of Type 1 cells

A

Form continuous lining surrounding alveoli

Main site of GE

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15
Q

Purpose of Type 2 cells

A

Contain microvilli which secrete alveolar fluid to ⬇️ tendency for the alveolus to collapse = SURFACTANT

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16
Q

Purpose of both Type 1 + Type 2 cells together

A

Aid in optimising cond for GE

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17
Q

Where can the respiratory control centres be found in the brain?

A

Pons Area

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

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18
Q

What comes under the Pons Area?

A

Apneustic centre/area

Pneumotaxic centre/area

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19
Q

What comes under the Medulla Rhythmicity Area?

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

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20
Q

List the main nerves for breathing

A

Phrenic nerve

Intercostal nerve

Vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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21
Q

What root does the phrenic nerve have?

A

C3-C5 Root

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22
Q

What root does the intercostal nerve have?

A

T1-T11 Root

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23
Q

What root does the vagus nerve have?

A

X Root

24
Q

What root does the glossopharyngeal nerve have?

A

IX root

25
Q

What are the main receptors involved in breathing?

A

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Irritant receptors

Peripheral proprioceptors

26
Q

What are the main muscles involved in breathing?

A

Accessory muscles

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

27
Q

Which muscle works the most in breathing?

A

Diaphragm - Takes about 75% of the work for breathing.

28
Q

Equation for boyles law

A

P ∝ 1/V

29
Q

Where is Elastin found?

A

In alveoli

30
Q

What is elastin?

A

Structural proteins wrapped around the outside of the alveoli.

31
Q

Overview of exhalation during exercise

A

Active process

Internal intercostals

External obliques

Rectus abdominus

Transverse abdominus

32
Q

PONS

Purpose of the Apneustic area/centre

A

Prolongs + slows rate of breathing.

Stimulates the insp. neurones found in the DRG + VRG.

33
Q

PONS

What can overstimulation of the apneustic area/centre cause?

A

Apneustic breathing = long gasping inspirations interrupted by occasional expirations.

34
Q

PONS

Purpose of the pneumotaxic centre/area

A

Tune the transition of inhaling + exhaling.

⬆️ signals from here ⬆️ resp rate.

BUT –> Weak signals from here prolongs the insp rate + ⬆️ TV.

Also sends inhibitory signals to the insp centre of the medulla to control insp time.

35
Q

PONS

What does a non-functioning pneumotaxic area/centre mean?

A

No smooth transition between inhaling + exhaling.

36
Q

Where is the Medulla Rhythmicity Area found?

A

Medulla oblongata

37
Q

What does the Medulla Rhythmicity Area control?

A

Basic rate of breathing

38
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

What does the DRG contain?

A

Mainly insp neurones located bilaterally w/in the medulla.

39
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

DRG

What do its insp neurones do?

A

Send impulses to motor nerves of diaphragm + external intercostal muscles.

40
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

Purpose of the DRG

A

Controls the basic rhythm of breathing by triggering insp impulses.

41
Q

Which extends into which?

DRG + VRG

A

DRG extends into the VRG.

VRG does NOT extend into DRG.

42
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

What does the VRG contain?

A

BOTH insp + exp neurones.

43
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

When is the VRG primarily active?

A

During exercise + stress

44
Q

Where do the vagus + glossopharyngeal nerves bring sensory impulses into the DRG from?

A

Lungs

Airways

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Joint proprioceptors

45
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

Where does the VRG send insp impulses to?

A

Laryngeal + pharyngeal muscles, diaphragm + external intercostals.

46
Q

Medulla Rhythmicity Area

Where does the VRG send exp impulses to?

A

Abdominal + internal intercostal muscles.

47
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

Exercise ⬆️ CO2 prod.

H+ can’t pass across blood brain barrier into CSF.

– BUT –>

CO2 can diffuse across.

Once CO2 in CSF:

  • Combines w/ H20 via carbonic anhydrase = Carbonic acid.
  • Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarb + H+.

H+ in CSF is sensed by the central chemoreceptors which then send signals to the DRG + the pneumotaxic region.

48
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

Carotid body

Aortic body

49
Q

What can glomus cells respond to?

A

⬆️ PCO2

⬇️ PO2

50
Q

What do glomus cells have?

A

K+ channels so K+ leaks out of cell - NOT a problem.

51
Q

What keeps the K+ channels open in the glomus cell?

A

O2

52
Q

What happens with the glomus cell when there’s low O2 i.e due to exercise?

A

It’s K+ channels close = ⬆️ conc of K+ in cell.

= Membrane depolarises

Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ enter cell.

Exocytosis of dopamine across + OUT of cell.

53
Q

FVC (Force vital capacity) Manoeuvre

A

A deep inspiration then a forced expiration.

54
Q

Maximum voluntary ventilation

A

Rapid deep breathing for 15 seconds

55
Q

Problems with Maximum voluntary ventilation

A

Can make some very light headed

E.P (9 decks)

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