Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

E.P > NM Physiology & Exercise > Flashcards

NM Physiology & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the Cerebellum located?

A

Under the Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function fo the cerebellum

A

Coordinate muscle movement

Maintain posture + balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of brainstem

A

Acts as a relay centre connecting the cerebrum + cerebellum to the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What composes the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What composes the PNS

A

Spinal nerves branching form the spinal cord

Cranial nerves branching from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which out of the 3 main parts of the brain is the largest?

A

Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

Right + left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of the Cerebrum

A

Interpreting touch, vision, hearing, speech, emotions, learning + fine control of movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the right hemisphere + left hemisphere the cerebrum in the brain joined by?

A

Bundle of fibres called the Corpus Callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Corpus Callosum in the Cerebrum do?

A

Transmits messages from one side of the brain to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does each hemisphere of the cerebrum control?

A

The opposite side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Speech

Comprehension

Writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Creativity

Spatial ability

Artistic + musical skils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the surface of the cerebrum called?

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many neurones does the cortex contain?

A

16 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the grey matter of the brain contain?

A

Most of the brains neuronal cell bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the grey matter of the cortex involved in?

A

Muscle control

Sensory reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What gives the white matter of the cortex its name?

A

The myelin sheath of neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What divides the brain into lobes?

A

The fissures in the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many lobes are in each hemisphere of the brain?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 lobes in each hemisphere of the brain?

A

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Frontal lobe responsibilities

A

Personality, behaviour + emotions

Judgment, planning, problem solving

Speaking + writing

Body movement

Intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Parietal lobe responsibilities

A

Interprets language

Sense of touch, pain + temp

Interprets signals from vision, sensory + memory

Spatial + visual perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Occipital lobe responsibilities

A

Interprets vision (colour, light, movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Temporal lobe responsibilities

A

Understanding language

Memory

Hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for muscles of speech

A

Broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for smelling

A

Olfactory area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for muscles of written + spoken language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the initiation of our voluntary muscles come from in the brain?

A

Motor function area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the brain?

A

Nerve cells (neurones)

Glia cells

32
Q

What do ALL neurones consist of?

A

Cell body

Dendrites

Axon

33
Q

How does a neuron convert information

A

Through electrical + chemical signals

34
Q

Purpose of dendrites on a neurone

A

Specialised to receive chemical signals from the axon termini of other neurones.

They convert these intro smaller electric impulses + transmit them inward towards the cell body.

35
Q

What is the soma of a neurone?

A

The cell body of a neurone

36
Q

What does the soma/cell body of a neurone contain?

A

Nucleus

Cytosol

37
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Specialised part of the cell body of a neuron that connects to the axon.

38
Q

Where is the initiation in action potentials in the neurone?

A

In the axon

39
Q

What is axoplasmic transport and what is it responsible for?

A

Cellular process

Responsible for movement of mit, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins + other organelles to and from a neurons cell body.

Through the cytoplasm of its axon = the axoplasm.

40
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Transport in the neurone down to the axon tip.

Made possible by kinesis protein

41
Q

Retrorade transport

A

Transport in the neurone back to the cell body.

Made possible by the dynein protein.

42
Q

What is resting membrane potential based on?

A

Conc. of ions inside + outside of cell.

43
Q

Describe distribution of ions during resting membrane potential

A

More sodium ions (Na+) OUTSIDE

More potassium ions (K+) INSIDE.

44
Q

What are APs?

A

Temporary shift from negative membrane potential to positive.

Caused by ions flowing in + out of neuron.

44
Q

What are APs?

A

Temporary shift from negative membrane potential to positive.

Caused by ions flowing in + out of neuron.

45
Q

What state are the gated channels in before an AP occurs?

A

All gated sodium + potassium channels are closed.

46
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses

A

Electrical - Mostly bidirectional

Chemical

47
Q

How much wider is a chemical synapse to an electrical one?

A

~10 times wider

48
Q

What are the 2 types of snare proteins in exocytosis?

A

V-Snare - Vesicle snare proteins

T-Snare - Ones found on the cell membrane.

49
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 1

A

Nerve impulse arrives at terminal of motor neurone.

ACh leaves neuron via exocytosis.

50
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 2

What happens to the ACh

A

Diffuses across synaptic cleft

Triggers AP.

51
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 3

A

Muscle AP travels along transverse tubule = opens Ca2+ channels in SR = Ca2+ into sarcoplasm.

52
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 4

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin = exposing binding sites for myosin.

53
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 5

A

Myosin heads bind to actin + initiate power stroke

54
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION - MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Step 6

A

Ca2+ release channels in SR close + Ca2+ AT pumps use ATP to restore low level of Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.

55
Q

What are most NTs

A

aa

Amines (derived from aa)

Peptides

56
Q

List the NT groups

A

Cholinergic Neurons

Catecholaminergic Neurones

Serotonergic Neurons

Amino Acidergic neurons

57
Q

What are cholinergic Neurons

A

Nerve cells that mainly use ACh to send its messages.

58
Q

What enzyme is needed to synthesise cholinergic Neurons?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase

59
Q

How is ACh synthesised?

A

Acetyl-CoA + Choline

Choline Acetyltransferase

60
Q

Which enzymes break down ACh?

A

Acetylcholine esterase

61
Q

Name the precursor to catecholaminergic neurons

A

Tyrosine

62
Q

Where does serotonin come from?

A

Tryptophan

63
Q

Process of tryptophan to serotonin

A

Tryptophan –(Tryptophan hydroxylase)–> 5-HTP –(Decarboxylase)–> Serotonin

64
Q

What can low levels of serotonin lead to?

A

Overproduction of dopamine

65
Q

What is our memory NT?

A

Glutamate

66
Q

What is our calming NT?

A

Gammaminobutyric acid

67
Q

List some measurement tools for NM function

A

Dynamometer

Magnetic Stimulation

Electrical Stimulation

Electromyography

68
Q

What is a dynamometer used to measure?

A

Force or strength

69
Q

What does electromyography measure?

A

Changes in electrical potential of a muscle.

Can do on the surface of skin or intramuscularly

70
Q

What is the M wave usually responding to?

A

Electrical stimulation

71
Q

What is the M wave representing?

A

Summation of the muscle AP

== Compound muscle AP
CAMP

72
Q

Difference between motor evoked potential + the m wave

A

Motor evoked potential is when we elicit stimulation from the motor cortex.

M wave is elicited from nerve or directly from muscle.

73
Q

What are the 3 main types of measurements that can be taken in NMF measurements?

A

Excitability

Contractility

Voluntary Activation

74
Q

What would come under the excitability measurement?

A

M-wave amplitude

M-wave area

75
Q

What would come under the contractility measurement?

A

Twitch force

Time to peak twitch

Half relaxation time

Electromechanical delay

76
Q

What do cholinergic Neurons do?

A

Provide the primary source of ACh to the cerebral cortex + promote cortical activation during wakefulness + rapid eye movement sleep.

E.P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions