Resp

Question 1

What is the pleural cavity between

Answer 1

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Question 2

What is the visceral pleura attached to

Answer 2

Lung

Question 3

What is the parietal pleura attached to?

Answer 3

Chest wall

Question 4

What is a pulmonary embolism

Answer 4

Collection of excess fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 5

What are the causes of pleural effusion

Answer 5

Too much fluid produced - transudative or exudative
Or
Lymphatic effusion- lymphatic vessels cant drain enough

Question 6

What causes transudative effusions

Answer 6

This is when too much fluid leaves the capillaries into the pleural cavity

Increased hydrostatic pressure (bp)
Decreased oncotic pressure

Question 7

What can cause increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary system

Answer 7

Heart failure

Backflow of blood into the pulmonary arteries

Question 8

What causes a decreased oncotic pressure

Answer 8

Cirrhosis - liver makes less proteins

Nephrotic syndrome - proteins are peed out

Question 9

How does low oncotic pressure cause transudative effusion

Answer 9

Decreased proteins in the blood causes the blood to diffuse out via osmosis into lower concentrations of fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 10

What is exudative effusion

Answer 10

Excess fluid moving into pleural cavity due to Leaky vessels caused by inflammation of the pulmonary capillaries

Question 11

Causes of exudative effusion

Answer 11

Trauma
Malignancy
Inflammatory conditions - lupus
Infection - pneumonia

Question 12

What is chylothorax

Answer 12

Lymphatic effusion

Lymphatic fluid accusation in pleural cavity

Question 13

What causes lymphatic effusion

Answer 13

When the thoracic duct is disrupted due to:
Damage during surgery
Tumors in Media Stinem

Question 14

Symptoms of PE

Answer 14

Pleurisy - pain breathing

SOB

Question 15

Diagnosing PE

Answer 15

Decreased breath sounds
Dullness on percussion 
Decreased tactile sounds
Decreased aeration 
Tracheal deviation

Question 16

Treatment of PE

Answer 16

Thoracentesis - drainage of fluid

If large infected/loculated PE- surgery to remove thick fluid

Question 17

Diagnosing type of effusion from thoracentesis

Answer 17

Transudative - clear fluid
Exudative - cloudy fluid (lots more proteins in fluid)
Lymphatic - milky fluid

Question 18

Cause of cystic fibrosis

Answer 18

Autosomal recessive

CFTR gene mutation

Question 19

What does the CFTR gene do

Answer 19

Channel protein that pumps Cl- into secretions, attracts water into fluid, thinning it out

Question 20

What is the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

F508del of CFTR gene

Question 21

Cystic fibrosis affects on newborns

Answer 21

Meconium Ileus

Thick first poo causing bowel obstruction

Question 22

Cystic fibrosis effects on early childhood

Answer 22

Pancreatic duct blockage leads to:

• no pancreatic enzymes released > acute pancreatitis > chronic pancreatitis
• protein and fat not taken up > poor weight gain and failure to thrive, Steatorehea (fatty poo)
• CF related diabetes

Question 23

Cystic fibrosis affects later in childhood

Answer 23

Cilia can’t clear thick mucus from airways

> bacteria colonising lungs