Resp Flashcards
What is the pleural cavity between
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
What is the visceral pleura attached to
Lung
What is the parietal pleura attached to?
Chest wall
What is a pulmonary embolism
Collection of excess fluid in the pleural cavity
What are the causes of pleural effusion
Too much fluid produced - transudative or exudative
Or
Lymphatic effusion- lymphatic vessels cant drain enough
What causes transudative effusions
This is when too much fluid leaves the capillaries into the pleural cavity
Increased hydrostatic pressure (bp)
Decreased oncotic pressure
What can cause increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary system
Heart failure
Backflow of blood into the pulmonary arteries
What causes a decreased oncotic pressure
Cirrhosis - liver makes less proteins
Nephrotic syndrome - proteins are peed out
How does low oncotic pressure cause transudative effusion
Decreased proteins in the blood causes the blood to diffuse out via osmosis into lower concentrations of fluid in the pleural cavity
What is exudative effusion
Excess fluid moving into pleural cavity due to Leaky vessels caused by inflammation of the pulmonary capillaries
Causes of exudative effusion
Trauma
Malignancy
Inflammatory conditions - lupus
Infection - pneumonia
What is chylothorax
Lymphatic effusion
Lymphatic fluid accusation in pleural cavity
What causes lymphatic effusion
When the thoracic duct is disrupted due to:
Damage during surgery
Tumors in Media Stinem
Symptoms of PE
Pleurisy - pain breathing
SOB
Diagnosing PE
Decreased breath sounds Dullness on percussion Decreased tactile sounds Decreased aeration Tracheal deviation
Treatment of PE
Thoracentesis - drainage of fluid
If large infected/loculated PE- surgery to remove thick fluid
Diagnosing type of effusion from thoracentesis
Transudative - clear fluid
Exudative - cloudy fluid (lots more proteins in fluid)
Lymphatic - milky fluid
Cause of cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive
CFTR gene mutation
What does the CFTR gene do
Channel protein that pumps Cl- into secretions, attracts water into fluid, thinning it out
What is the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis
F508del of CFTR gene
Cystic fibrosis affects on newborns
Meconium Ileus
Thick first poo causing bowel obstruction
Cystic fibrosis effects on early childhood
Pancreatic duct blockage leads to:
- no pancreatic enzymes released > acute pancreatitis > chronic pancreatitis
- protein and fat not taken up > poor weight gain and failure to thrive, Steatorehea (fatty poo)
- CF related diabetes
Cystic fibrosis affects later in childhood
Cilia can’t clear thick mucus from airways
> bacteria colonising lungs
