Resp Flashcards
What is theophylline and how does it work?
Adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor used as an alternate therapy for asthma and COPD.
Causes bronchodilation by increasing cAMP and is anti-inflammatory.
At what point in the breathing cycle is pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest?
At rest/functional residual capacity this reduces the squeezing at complete exhalation and the traction narrowing of complete inhalation.
Which vitamin is responsible for epithelia turn over and maintenance?
A
In contrast to chronic renal transplant rejection, what goes wrong in chronic lung transplant rejection?
Bronchiolitis obliterans - inflammamtion and fibrosis of the bronchiolar walls leading to narrows and obstruction of the small bronchiole airways.
*note the hyperacute and acute rejections are still vascularly-mediated like renal.
What enzyme does alpha 1 antitrypsin keep in check?
Neutrophil elastase
Although airway pressure at rest is zero, the baseline lung pressure is ___ 5 cm H2O and the baseline chest wall pressure is ____ 5 chm H2O.
lung = +5
chest wall = -5
the fact that they balance is how we get 0 for airway pressure
How will mesothelioma appear on histology?
Numerous long slender microvilli and abundant tonofilaments. Immunohistochemical markers (e.g. pancytokeratin) may be seen.
Grossly will appear as either nodular or smooth pleural thickening.
How does alpha 1 antitrypsin affect the liver?
Intrahepatic accumulation of polymerized alpha 1 antitrypsin leads to cirrhosis. Histologically intracellular granules can be seen on LM and stain PAS+
What lung consequences can result from pancreatitis?
ARDS: large amounts of inflammatory cytokines and pancreatic enzymes are released into circulation in pancreatitis causing neutrophil infiltration in the lungs which leads to interstitial and intraalveolar edema, inflammation, and fibrin deposition -> HYALINE MEMBRANES
What causes retinopathy in neonates treated for NRDS?
Local hyperoxia during oxygen supplementation upregulates VEGF upon return to room air ventilation causing neovascularization.
Patients with what disease exhibit Cheyne-Stokes (cyclic breathing pattern in which apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until the next apneic period)?
CHF
What is a normal A-a gradient? In what pathologies will you see it increase?
10-15 mmHg
R to L shunt
V/Q mismatch
Diffusion limitation
Although most DVTs form in the calf, what vessel VT is most likely to emoblize?
Femoral
Silicosis is associated with what other 2 lung pathologies?
Bronchogenic carcinoma
TB
Is smoking a risk factor for mesothelioma?
No
