resp 1

Question 1

Upper respiratory diseases
of cattle
- clinical signs

Answer 1

• Tachypnea
• Inspiratory dyspnea
  ◦ Stridor
  ◦ Stertor
• Open-mouth breathing
• Head extension
• Nasal discharge
• Lymphadenopathy
• Cough

Question 2

Upper respiratory diseases
of cattle

Answer 2

Congenital abnormalities
Foreign bodies
Trauma
Masses/tumors
Abscesses
Actinobacillosis
Actinomycosis
Fungal granulomas
Necrotic laryngitis
Sinusitis
Allergic rhinitis
Tracheal edema
Tracheal collapse

Question 3

Pharyngeal trauma
- Causes
- common bacteria

Answer 3

Causes
◦ Balling/ drenching guns
◦ Wires
◦ Coarse feeds
◦ Grass awns
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Common bacteria
◦ Trueperella pyogenes
◦ Actinobacillus spp.
◦ Pasteurella spp.
◦ Bordetella spp.
◦ Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 4

Pharyngeal trauma
Clinical signs

Answer 4

◦ Pharyngeal swelling
◦ +/- pain on palpation
◦ Inappetence
◦ Quidding (drop feed)
◦ Mucopurulent nasal discharge
◦ Respiratory distress

Question 5

Pharyngeal trauma dx, tx

Answer 5

Diagnosis
◦ History and physical examination
◦ +/- imaging
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Treatment
◦ Dependent on severity of trauma
◦ Anti-inflammatories
◦ Antibiotics
◦ Supportive care
◦ If abscess present > Drainage
◦ If in respiratory distress > Tracheotomy

Question 6

Allergic rhinitis
- type of disease
- causes
- risk factors
- clinical signs

Answer 6

Type I hypersensitivity reaction
◦ Plant pollen or fungal spores
<><><><>
Risk factors
◦ Pastured cattle > Spring/summer
◦ 6mo- 2yrs of age
◦ Channel Island and Holsteins more common
<><><><>
Clinical signs
◦ Profuse bilateral mucoid nasal discharge
◦ Sneezing, headshaking and nose rubbing

Question 7

Allergic rhinitis
Diagnosis, treatment

Answer 7

Diagnosis
◦ History and clinical signs
◦ Rule out other diseases
◦ Nasal wash cytology
<><><><>
Treatment
◦ Monitoring > Most common
◦ Decrease/prevent exposure to allergen
◦ In severe cases > Corticosteroids, Anti-histamines

Question 8

Enzootic nasal granuloma
- what is this? when do we see it?
- lesions
- causes
- signs

Answer 8

Chronic allergic rhinitis
◦ Clinical signs are more constant
◦ Seasonal exacerbations
<><><><>
Granulomas
◦ Multiple, firm, white, raised nodules, 1-2mm diameter
◦ Pale flat plaques
◦ Throughout nasal cavity
<><><><>
Mycotic
◦ Rhinosporidium, Aspergillus, Conidiobolus spp.
<><><><>
Clinical signs
◦ Mucopurulent nasal discharge
◦ Respiratory stertor

Question 9

Nasal granulomas, dx, tx

Answer 9

Diagnosis
◦ Biopsy and culture
<><><><>
Treatment
◦ Surgical removal
◦ Systemic iodine

Question 10

Oral necrobacillosis
- affects who? transmission?

Answer 10

• Infection of soft tissues of the oral cavity
• 1-4mo old calves
• Spread via common surfaces/licking

Question 11

Necrotic laryngitis
- risk factors

Answer 11

• Infection of laryngeal mucosa and cartilages
• Risk factors:
• 3-18mo old calves
• Fall and winter
• Over-crowding/ poor hygiene
• Feedlots

Question 12

commection between oral necobacillosis and necrotic laryngitis, and calf dyptheria?

Answer 12

• both are necrobacillosis with the same pathogenic origins, just affecting different tissues
• calf diptheria = necrotic laryngitis

Question 13

Calf diphtheria
- Pathophysiology
- pathogens

Answer 13

1. Mucosal injury
   ◦ Oral cavity → tooth eruption
   ◦ Viral infection
   ◦ Laryngeal contact ulcers → coughing
2. Bacterial invasion
   ◦ Primary > Histophilus somni
   ◦ Secondary > Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 14

Calf diphtheria
Clinical signs

Answer 14

◦ Inappetence
◦ Hypersalivation
◦ Fever
◦ Depression
◦ Buccal swelling
◦ Laryngitis
> Acute onset moist cough
> Severe inspiratory dsypnea => Stridor, Open-mouth breathing

Question 15

Calf diphtheria dx, tx, prognosis

Answer 15

Diagnosis
* History and clinical signs
* Laryngoscopy/endoscopy
<><><><>
Treatment
* Penicillin, oxytetracycline or florfenicol
* Anti-inflammatories
* Supportive care
* Tracheotomy
* Arytenoidectomy
<><><><>
Prognosis
* Fair – poor

Question 16

Sinusitis
- causes
- clinical signs

Answer 16

Causes
◦ Dehorning → frontal
◦ Tooth root abscess → maxillary
◦ Viral
◦ Traumatic
◦ Neoplasia
◦ Actinomycosis
<><><><>
Clinical signs
◦ Nasal discharge
◦ +/- halitosis
◦ Decrease/absent air flow
◦ Abnormal skull contour

Question 17

Sinusitis
- dx, tx

Answer 17

Diagnosis
◦ History and clinical signs
◦ Sinus percussion
◦ Imaging > Radiographs
◦ Trephination
◦ Culture and sensitivity
<><><><>
Treatment
◦ Dependent on cause
◦ Sinus lavage
◦ +/- systemic antimicrobials

Question 18

Tracheal edema syndrome
- acute vs chronic forms

Answer 18

Edema and hemorrhage in tracheal wall
◦ Unknown pathogenesis
<><><><>
Acute form
◦ Southern feedlots
◦ Severe edema of dorsal trachea
◦ Acute dyspnea, stridor and sudden death
<><><><>
Chronic form
◦ Western feedlots
◦ Mucosal hyperemia of caudal 1/3 of trachea
◦ Frequent, deep, hacking cough

Question 19

Oestrus ovis infestation
- what is this?
- species?
- pathogenesis

Answer 19

Parasite of the nasal passages and sinuses
◦ Sheep most common
◦ Goats less common
<><><><>
Larvae deposited near nostril
◦ → nasal and ethmoid turbinates
◦ → sinuses
◦ → nasal passages and sneezed out
<><><><>
Direct local irritation
◦ Secondary bacterial infections

Question 20

Oestrus ovis infestation
Clinical signs, dx, tx

Answer 20

Clinical signs
◦ mucoid-mucopurulent nasal discharge
◦ sneezing
◦ nose- rubbing
◦ inspiratory stridor
<><>
Diagnosis
◦ history and clinical signs
◦ imaging
<><>
Treatment
◦ oral ivermectin

Question 21

Enzootic nasal tumors
- what type
- etiology
- signs
- concerns

Answer 21

Nasal adenocarcinoma
<><>
Viral etiology
* Ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus
* Caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus
<><>
Clinical signs
* Progressive inspiratory dyspnea
* Serous-mucopurulent nasal discharge
* Facial asymmetry
<><>
Locally invasive