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3. Food Animal 3 > other skin conditions > Flashcards

other skin conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

dermatophytosis in cattle
- which kinds?
- how common? transmission?
- risk factors?

A

§ Trichophyton verrucosum
§ Trichophyton mentagrophytes
<><><><>
§ Common in cattle
§ Animal to animal and fomite transmission
<><><><>
Risk factors
§ Young animals
§ Over-crowding
§ Poor nutrition
§ Indoor housing
§ Warm and humid environment

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2
Q

dermatophytosis pathogenesis? distribution and appearance of lesions?

A

Pathogenesis
§Invades fully keratinized, non-living tissue
<><>
Distribution
§Head and trunk
<><>
Appearance
§ Multifocal, Alopecia, Excessive crusting
§ +/- ring pattern
§ Erythema absent or obscured

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3
Q

dermatophytosis diagnosis

A

Direct microscopic examination
§ Skin scraping
§ Hair shaft examination
<><><><>
Fungal culture
§ Broken hairs
§ Avoid large crusts
§ Use specialized media

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4
Q

dermatophytosis treatment

A

§ Lime sulfur dip
§ Enilconazole rinse
§ Shampoos > Miconazole or ketoconazole, 3-4% chlorhexidine shampoo
§ Vaccination > T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes

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5
Q

can bovine dermatophytosis affect humans?

A

yes, eg. calf infected with trichophyton verrucosum can pass it to farmer

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6
Q

dermatophilosis
- pathogen
- nature of the disease?
- transmission?
- pathophysiology

A

Dermatophilus congolensis
<><><><>
§ Chronically affected animals
§ Direct contact or mechanical vectors
<><><><>
Pathophysiology
§ Moisture +/- epidermal damage
§ > zoospores germinate > proliferate
§ > invade deeper epidermal layers

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7
Q

dermatophilosis distribution, appearance of lesions

A

Distribution
§ Distal extremities
§ Dorsum
§ Muzzle and pinnae
<><>
Appearance
§ Encrusted, proliferative dermatitis
§ Papules, ulcerations
§ Suppurative crusts
§ Alopecia

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8
Q

dermatophilosis diagnosis

A

§ Impression smear
> Railroad-track cocci
§ Bacterial culture
§ Histopathology
§ Polymerase chain reaction

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9
Q

dermatophilosis treatment

A

§ Remove from moist environment
§ Remove crusts
§ Topical iodophors or lime sulphur
§ Systemic therapy > ONLY IF SEVERE
> Penicillin
> Trimethoprim sulfamethoxizole
> Oxytetracycline, Long-acting

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10
Q

common foot disorders

A
  • digital dermatitis (actually affects palmar aspect right above hoofs)
  • sole ulceration
  • wall disorder
  • interdigital hyperplasia
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11
Q

interdigital dermatitis
- pathogens
- lesion distribution, appearance
- risk factors
- significance

A

§ Dichelobacter nodosus
§ Treponema spp
<><><><>
Distribution
§ Epidermis of interdigital skin
<><><><>
Appearance
§ Small, circular ulcers
§ White-grey exudate
§ Hypertrophy
§ Increased axial hoof wall growth
§ Hyperkeratosis and heel cracks
<><><><>
Risk factors
§ Chronic moist environment
§ Poor hygiene in dairies
§ High stocking rates
§ Contaminated pastures
<><><><>
Impact
§ Moderate- severe lameness
§ Loss of body condition
§ 50% morbidity in affected dairy herds

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12
Q

interdigital dermatitis treatment

A

§ Topical oxytetracycline spray
> SID for 3 days
> 95% recovery rate in 3-4 days
> More effective than foot baths
§ D. nodosus serogroup-specific vaccine > Effective for sheep flocks

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13
Q

interdigital dermatitis pevention and control

A

§ Decrease exposure to moist
environments
§ Decrease stocking density
§ Improve hygiene in housing areas
§ Rest pastures with affected animals

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14
Q

digital dermatitis
- pathogens
- significance, when we see it?
- morbidity

A

§ Treponema spp.
§ Anaerobic organisms
<><>
§ Major cause of economic losses
§ Freestall dairy cattle herds
> Lameness in 1st and 2nd lactation cows
> Lesions in older lactation cows
<><>
§ High morbidity
§ Majority of adults affected within one year
§ Eradication is unlikely in endemic populations

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15
Q

digital dermatitis risk factors

A

§ Muddy or wet conditions
§ Rough flooring
§ Uncomfortable, unsanitary bedding
§ Inadequate drainage
§ Over-crowding
§ Poor sanitation of hoof-trimming equipment
§ Replacements from off premise

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16
Q

digital dermatitis pathogenesis

A

§ Multifactorial disease
§ Treponema spp
> Invades epidermis and dermis
§ Secondary bacterial invasion

17
Q

digital dermatitis lesion distribution and appearance

A

Distribution
§ 80% Plantar aspect of hind limbs, Distal to dewclaws, Extend into interdigital space
§ 75% one limb
<><><><>
1st stage
§ Small, focal, reddened, circumscribed lesions
§ Extremely painful, hairs on periphery of lesion
<><>
2nd stage
§ Larger ulcerated lesions
§ Peripheral hairs 2-3x longer than other hairs
<><>
3rd stage
§ Lesions have rough, encrusted surface
§ Gray in color
<><>
4th stage
§ Chronic proliferative lesions
§ Varying degrees of hyperkeratosis
§ Black papilliform projections
<><>
5th stage
§ Healing of the lesion

18
Q

digital dermatitis - relationship of lameness to lesions

A

Lameness is not consistently related to lesion size or chronicity

19
Q

digital dermatitis treatment, efficacy, other considerations

A

§ Topical antibiotics daily (5-14 days)
§ Powder or spray
> Oxytetracycline
> Lincomycin
§ Reoccurrence is high
<><>
§ Parenteral antibiotics
> Penicillin, Ceftiofur
<><>
§ Ensure all withdrawal times are communicated
§ Know regional restrictions for antimicrobial use

20
Q

digital dermatitis control, when it is useful

A

Medicated foot baths
§ Low prevalence herds > Most effective with <10% incidence rate

21
Q

medicated footbaths for digital dermatitis - how to maintain, options for medication?

A

§ Maintenance
> Water or mild detergent foot bath first
> Change foot bath every 150-300 passages
> Minimum diameters
> Cover to prevent rain dilution
> Place in exit alley
<><><><>
§ 5% formalin
§ Oxytetracycline
§ Lincomycin
§ Copper sulfate
§ Zinc sulfate (20%)
§ Sodium hydroxide

22
Q

papillomas in cattle
- when do we see them? signs?
- cattle vs goats vs sheep

A

Cattle
§ Very common
§ Appear at < 2 years of age
§ May spontaneously regress
§ Generally asymptomatic
> Exceptions: Teat, penile, interdigital, and alimentary
<><><><>
Goats
§ Relatively rare
§ Head/ neck or mammary
<><><><>
Sheep
§ Rare

23
Q

bovine paillomas - pathogen, characteristics?

A

Bovine papillomavirus
§ Carcinogenic
§ Double-stranded DNA virus
§ Generally species-specific (One exception)
§ Site specific
§ 20+ types classified, 5 sub-groups

24
Q

morphologic classification of papillomas

A

§ Type 1- Typical
§ Cauliflower appearance
<><>
§ Type 2- Pedunculated
§ Narrow base
§ Peduncle shape
<><>
§ Type 3- Atypical
§ Flat
§ Entirely connected to skin
<><>
§ Type 4- Filamentous
§ Highly keratinized surface
§ Thin base
<><>
§ Type 5- Rice-form
§ Small papillomas

25
Q

papillomas transmission

A

§ Direct
§ Via fomites > Dehorning, tagging, etc

26
Q

papillomas dx

A

§ Clinical appearance
§ Biopsy
§ Serology
§ PCR

27
Q

papillomas tx

A

§ Benign neglect
§ Crushing or surgical removal
§ Cryosurgery
§ Autogenous vaccine

28
Q

papillomas prevention and control

A

§ Isolate affected animals
§ Disinfect all shared equipment
§ Autogenous vaccine
§ Commercial vaccine

29
Q

pseudocowpox
- pathogen
- geographic distribution
- lesion location and appearance

A

§ Parapoxvirus
§ Common worldwide
<><>
Distribution
§ Teat
§ Uncommonly: udder, scrotum
<><>
Appearance
§ 2-3mm papules > crusting > circular spread
§ 10 days later > ring/ horseshoe shaped scabs
<><>
- affects humans!!

30
Q

bovine herpes mammillitis
- pathogen
- geographic spread, epidemiology
- lesions distribution and appearance

A

§ Bovine herpesvirus 2
<><>
Epidemiology
§ Widely disseminated
§ Epidemic or endemic
<><>
Distribution
§ Oral, udder, or generalized
<><>
Appearance
§ Edema, sensitivity to palpation
§ Vesicles > ulcers > scabs

31
Q

bovine herpes mammillitis Dx, Tx, mgmt

A

Diagnosis
§ Virus isolation
§ BHV-2 serum neutralization test
§ Histologic demonstration of virus
<><>
Treatment
§ Ulcers heal in 3-10 weeks
§ Topical or parenteral antimicrobials
<><>
Management
§ Segregate
§ Milk affected cows last
§ Disinfect milking equipment
§ Proper hand hygiene

32
Q

bovine cutaneous lymphosarcoma
- two forms, characteristics
- lesion distribution, appearance
- clinical signs
- Dx
- Tx

A

Two forms
§ Systemic lymphoma
> Bovine leukemia virus +
> Primary or secondary site
§ Cutaneous form of lymphosarcoma
> Very rare
> < 3 years of age
> Not associated with Bovine leukemia virus
<><><><>
Distribution
§ Neck, shoulders, back, croup
<><>
Appearance
§ Intradermal, plaques with white-gray scabs
<><>
Clinical signs
§ Dependent on systemic involvement
<><>
Dx: Biopsy
<><>
Tx
§ Spontaneous regression may occur
> Returns with systemic involvement
§ Supportive care

33
Q

photosensitization
- types
- requirements

A

§ Type I- ingestion of photodynamic agent
§ Type II- congenital abnormality
§ Type III- liver disease > Accumulation of phylloerythrin
<><><><>
Requirements
§ Presence of photodynamic agent
§ White or lightly pigmented skin
§ Ultraviolet A light
<><><><>

34
Q

some plants that contain photodynamic agents (type 1 photosensitization)

A
  • St. John’s wort
  • buckwheat
  • perennial ryegrass
  • whiteheads
35
Q

some plants that lead to photosensitization via liver effects (type 3)

A
  • puncture vine
  • agave
  • signal grass
36
Q

photosensitization
- lesion distribution and appearance
- clinical signs

A

Distribution
§ Hairless, white, or low pigmented skin
<><>
Appearance
§ Erythema, edema, pain on palpation
§ > blistering, serum exudation
§ > thickening and fissuring
§ > necrosis and sloughing
<><>
Clinical signs
§ Associated with affected areas and severity
§ Associated with liver disease if present

37
Q

photosensitizatoin diagnosis

A

§ Clinical appearance
§ Presence of or access to toxic plants
§ Elevation in hepatic/hepatobiliary enzymes
§ Liver biopsy
§ Post-mortem examination

38
Q

photosensitization treatment

A

§ Remove from source of toxin
§ House away from UV light
§ Wound management
§ Feed cereal or low quality grass hay

3. Food Animal 3 (23 decks)

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