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Resources and development Flashcards

1
Q

Resource

A

Anything that can be used to satisfy needs that is
- technologically accessible
- culturally acceptable
- economically feasible

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2
Q

How are humans, technology, institutions and nature connected?

A

Humans interact with nature using technology and create institutions to accelerate economic dev

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3
Q

Classification of resources on 4 criterion

A
  1. Origin: abiotic, biotic
  2. Exhaustibility: renewable, non-renewable
  3. Ownership: Private, Community, National, International
  4. Status of dev: potential, developed, stock and reserves
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4
Q

Origin

A

> Biotic
Obtained from biosphere and have life
Humans, cattle, fisheries

> Abiotic
Non living
Rocks, metals

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5
Q

Exhaustibility

A

> Renewable
Can be replenished via mechanical, biological or chemical processes
Continuous/flow: sunlight, wind, water
Wildlife, forest

> Non-renewable
Occur over a very long geological period
Fossil fuels like petrol
Metals (recyclable)

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6
Q

Ownership

A

> Individual
Owned privately
Farmer’s plot, houses/flats, pasture lands, plantations

> Community
All members of a community have access
Parks, burial grounds, playgrounds, village ponds

> National
Technically, all resources belong to the nation
Legal power to acquire private property for public good
All minerals, wildlife, water, forest, land etc within political boundaries and 12 nautical miles from coast (territorial waters)

> International
200 nautical miles beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone: open ocean
No utilisation without concurrence of international instituitions

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7
Q

Status of development

A

> Potential
Resources abundant but not utilised
Rajasthan Gujarat: solar and wind energy

> Developed
Surveyed
Quality and quantity determined for utilisation

> Stock
Potential to satisfy needs but lack of appropriate technology
Hydrogen in water

> Reserves (subset of stock)
Resources that technologically accessible but their utilisation has not started as to preserve it for future requirements
Forests, dams (river water hydroelectricity)

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8
Q

Problems due to indiscriminate usage of resources

A
  • depletion of resources
  • accumulation in a few hands
  • ecological crises
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9
Q

Sustainable development

A

Development that does not harm the environment nor compromise the needs of future generations

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10
Q

Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit

A

1992, Brazil, UNCED

More than 100 heads of states

Environmental protection and socio-economic development

Declaration of Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity

Global Forest Principles

Agenda 21

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11
Q

Agenda 21

A

Signed by world leaders in 1992 at United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro

Global sustainable development

Combat environmental damage, poverty, disease

Through global cooperation based on mutual needs, shared responsibility and common interests

Major objective” every local govt draw its own Agenda 21

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12
Q

Distribution of resources in India

A

Minerals and coal
> MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

Water but no infrastructure
> Arunachal Pradesh

Wind, solar but no water
> Rajasthan

Cultural, no minerals, water infrastructure
> Ladakh

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13
Q

Resource Planning

A

i) Identification and Inventory
Mapping, surveying, quantitative and qualitative estimation

ii) Evolving a planning structure
Appropriate tech, institutional set-up and skill

iii) Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans

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14
Q

Resources contribute to dev only when ____?

A

They are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes

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15
Q

Gandhi on resources

A

“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”

Mass production < production by the masses

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16
Q

International level

A

Club of Rome

‘Small is beautiful’ Schumacher

Brundtland Commission Report 1987 (intrduced sust dev)
> ‘Our common future’ book

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17
Q

Landforms + utility

A

43: Plains
Agriculture, industries

20: Mountains
Perennial flow of rivers, tourism, ecological aspects

27: Plateau
Minerals, fossil fuels, forests

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18
Q

Land classification

A
  1. Forests
  2. Land not available for cultivation
  3. Other uncultivated lands
  4. Fallow lands
  5. Net Sown Area
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19
Q

Land not available for cultivation

A
  • barren + waste
  • other uses, housing, industries, roads etc
20
Q
  1. Other uncultivated lands
A
  • permanent pastures and grazing lands
  • miscellaneous tree crops
  • cultruable waste lands (uncultivated > 5 agr years)
21
Q
  1. Fallow lands
A

Current fallow
1 or less agr year

Other than current
1-5 agr year

22
Q

Gross cropped area

A

area sown more than once in a year + net sown area

23
Q

Total geo area

A

3.28 million sq km

24
Q

Pattern of NSA

A

over 80% in Punjab Haryana

less than 10% Mizoram, Manipur, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal

25
Desired % of forest
33 of total geo area National Forest Policy 1952
26
__% of our basic needs for food shelter and clothing comes from land
95
27
Land degradation in various states
> Deforestation due to mining Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Odisha > Overgrazing Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra > Over-irrigation (water logging increases salinity+alkalinity) Punjab, Haryana, UP
28
How does mineral processing degrade land
calcite, soapstone (ceramic industry) limestone (cement ind) dust dust settles, hinders ability of water to infiltrate soil
29
Ways to solve land degradation
Afforestation Control grazing > arid Thorny bushes: sand dunes stabilisation Shelter belts of plants > urban, suburban Treat industrial effluents and wastes before disposal Control mining activities management of waste lands
30
Soil profile
Top Soil, upper soil layer Subsoil weathered rock, sand, silt clay Substratum weathered parent rock Unweathered parent bed rock
31
Alluvial soil: distribution
Northern plains (Indus Ganga Brahmaputra) Extend to Rj Gj narrow corridor Eastern coastal plains (Godavari Krishna Mahanadi Kaveri deltas)
32
Chos, Duars and Terai?
alluvial soils found in Piedmont plains which are coarse especially in the upper reaches of the river valley
33
Alluvial soil based on age
Bangar OLD - more kanker nodules Khadar NEW - more fine particles - more fertile
34
Alluvial soil usage
Right proportion of potash lime and phosphoric acid ideal for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereals, pulses intensively cultivated and densely populated
35
Black soil distribution
Deccan trap (basalt) region NW deccan plateau Maharashtra, MP, Malwa, Saurashtra, Chhattisgarh
36
Black soil properties
aka regur soils, black cotton soil made of extremely fine clayey material hold moisture well rich in calcium carbonate, Mg, potash, lime poor in phosphoric content deep cracks in hot weather= proper aeration of soil sticky when wet:: diff to work with unless immediately tilled after the first shower/pre monsoon
37
Red and yellow soils
low rainfall, on crystalline igneous rocks east and south deccan odisha, chhattisgarh, south ganga plain, piedmont western ghats red due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks yellow hydrated form
38
Laterite soil
Latin, later = brick devs in tropical/subtropical climate w alternate wet and dry season result of intense leaching due to heavy rain deep- very deep, acidic deficient in nutrients humus rich w deci and evergreen forests, vice versa prone to degradation and erosion TN kerala kntk coffee cashew AP
39
Laterite soil distribution and usage
> mhrhtra, kerala, TN, odisha, WB, NE region humus rich: support deciduous and evergreen forests humus poor: sparse vege, semi arid prone to erosion and degradation due to position of landscape TN, Kerala, Karnataka : coffee + tea (appropriate soil cons techniques) Red laterite TN Andhra P Kerala: cashew
40
Arid
red-brown color sandy saline (salt can be obtained sometimes) lacks humus and moisture lower horizons= kankar (increasing calcium content downwards) restricts infiltration of water irrigation>cultivable Rj
41
Forest soils
Hilly/mountainous areas, rain forests available Valley: loamy + silty Upper slopes: coarse grained Snow covered himalayas: denudation, acidic, low humus Lower valley (esp river terraces and alluvial fans): fertile
42
Soil erosion
denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down
43
Causes of s erosion
man made over grazing deforestation mining construction natural wind water glacier
44
different ways of soil erosion
water, clayey soil: deep channels, gullies unfit for cult, bad land chambal basin: ravines sheet erosion water flows as a sheet top soil washed wind erosion blows loose soil off flat/sloping land ploughing up/down the slope channels for quick flow of water, erosion
45
soil erosion solutions
contour ploughing ploughing along contour lines to decelerate flow of water terrace farming steps cut on slopes western and central himalayas well deved Strip cropping strips of grass are made to grow in between crops to stop the force of wind Shelter belts planting lines of trees stabilisation of sand dunes/desert western india

Geography (7 decks)

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