Resources and development Flashcards
Resource
Anything that can be used to satisfy needs that is
- technologically accessible
- culturally acceptable
- economically feasible
How are humans, technology, institutions and nature connected?
Humans interact with nature using technology and create institutions to accelerate economic dev
Classification of resources on 4 criterion
- Origin: abiotic, biotic
- Exhaustibility: renewable, non-renewable
- Ownership: Private, Community, National, International
- Status of dev: potential, developed, stock and reserves
Origin
> Biotic
Obtained from biosphere and have life
Humans, cattle, fisheries
> Abiotic
Non living
Rocks, metals
Exhaustibility
> Renewable
Can be replenished via mechanical, biological or chemical processes
Continuous/flow: sunlight, wind, water
Wildlife, forest
> Non-renewable
Occur over a very long geological period
Fossil fuels like petrol
Metals (recyclable)
Ownership
> Individual
Owned privately
Farmer’s plot, houses/flats, pasture lands, plantations
> Community
All members of a community have access
Parks, burial grounds, playgrounds, village ponds
> National
Technically, all resources belong to the nation
Legal power to acquire private property for public good
All minerals, wildlife, water, forest, land etc within political boundaries and 12 nautical miles from coast (territorial waters)
> International
200 nautical miles beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone: open ocean
No utilisation without concurrence of international instituitions
Status of development
> Potential
Resources abundant but not utilised
Rajasthan Gujarat: solar and wind energy
> Developed
Surveyed
Quality and quantity determined for utilisation
> Stock
Potential to satisfy needs but lack of appropriate technology
Hydrogen in water
> Reserves (subset of stock)
Resources that technologically accessible but their utilisation has not started as to preserve it for future requirements
Forests, dams (river water hydroelectricity)
Problems due to indiscriminate usage of resources
- depletion of resources
- accumulation in a few hands
- ecological crises
Sustainable development
Development that does not harm the environment nor compromise the needs of future generations
Rio De Janeiro Earth Summit
1992, Brazil, UNCED
More than 100 heads of states
Environmental protection and socio-economic development
Declaration of Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity
Global Forest Principles
Agenda 21
Agenda 21
Signed by world leaders in 1992 at United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro
Global sustainable development
Combat environmental damage, poverty, disease
Through global cooperation based on mutual needs, shared responsibility and common interests
Major objective” every local govt draw its own Agenda 21
Distribution of resources in India
Minerals and coal
> MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Water but no infrastructure
> Arunachal Pradesh
Wind, solar but no water
> Rajasthan
Cultural, no minerals, water infrastructure
> Ladakh
Resource Planning
i) Identification and Inventory
Mapping, surveying, quantitative and qualitative estimation
ii) Evolving a planning structure
Appropriate tech, institutional set-up and skill
iii) Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans
Resources contribute to dev only when ____?
They are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes
Gandhi on resources
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”
Mass production < production by the masses
International level
Club of Rome
‘Small is beautiful’ Schumacher
Brundtland Commission Report 1987 (intrduced sust dev)
> ‘Our common future’ book
Landforms + utility
43: Plains
Agriculture, industries
20: Mountains
Perennial flow of rivers, tourism, ecological aspects
27: Plateau
Minerals, fossil fuels, forests
Land classification
- Forests
- Land not available for cultivation
- Other uncultivated lands
- Fallow lands
- Net Sown Area
