Lifelines of National Economy Flashcards
Roadways benefits
- construction costs
- traverse undulating and dissected topography
- negotiate higher gradients of slopes ex Himalayas
- economical: transport of few persons, small amount of goods, short distances
- door-to-door service, loading unloading costs lower
- feeder to other modes of transport
Road classification
Golden quadrilateral super highways
National highways
State highways
District roads
Other roads
Border roads
Golden quadrilateral super highways
- linking kol-chen-mumb-del
- six lane super hw
- NW corridor: srinagar, kanniyakumari
- EW corridor: Porbandar, Silchar
- major obj: reduce time and distance between mega cities
- NHAI
National Highways
- link extreme parts of the country
- CPWD: central public works department
- NH1: sher-shah suri marg, delhi and Amritsar
State highways
- link state capital w district hqs
- PWD: state public works department
District roads
- link district hqs w other places of the district
- zila parishad
other roads
- link rural areas/villages with towns
- receive special impetus under PMGSY: Pradhan mantri Grameen sadak Yojana
- every village linked to a major town by an all season motorable road
Border roads
- BRO: border roads organisation
- bordering areas pf the country
- 1960 for the dev of roads of strategic importance in N and NE border areas
- improved accessibility in diff terrain
- helped economic dev of these areas
Atal tunnel
BRO
Manali- lahul spiti
longest hw tunne;
3000m above msl
roads on basis of material
metalled: cement, concrete, bitumen of coal
unmetalled
Railways importance
- principal mode of transport for freight and passengers
- multifarious activities: tourism, pilgrimage, bussiness + transport of goods long distance
- integrating force > 150 years
- binds economic life and accelerates dev of industry and agriculture
- largest public sector undertaking, 1st mumbai to thane
- now 16 zones
Railways distribution
Northern plains
- vast level land, rich agri, high population
- large no of rivers required bridges
Penninsular region (hilly terrain)
tracts are laid thru low hills, gaps or tunnels
Himalayas
- high relief
- sparse population
- lack of economic opportunities
Hard
- sandy plain western rj
- swamps gj
forested tracks mp, jhrkh, chhtgh, odsh
- sahyadri : gaps or passes
konkan railway
facilitated movement of good and passengers, most imp eco region of india
- sinking of track
- landslides
tourism benefits
- mational integration
- supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits
- dev of international understanding about our culture and heritage
tourism in india features
grown substantially over last 3 decades
>15 milllion directly engaged
- heritage, eco, adventure, cultural, medical;, bussness tourism
Pipelines features
- past, water to cities and industries
- used to transport crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas,, from oil/natural gas fields»_space; refineries, fertilizer factories, thermal power plants
- solids can be transported when converted into a slurry
- far inland locations of refinires: barauni, mathura, panipat
- initial cost of laying is high
- subsequent running costs are minimal
- tules out trans-shipment losses/delays
3 important pipeline networks
- oil field upper assam - kanpur UP
> via guwahati, barauni, allahabad - salaya (gj) - jalandhar (pj)
> via viramgam, mathura, delhi, sonipat
= braanches: koyali, chakshu - Hazira (gj) - Jagdishpur (UP)
> vijaypur (mp)
= branches, kota (rj), babrala, shahajahanpur UP
Waterways
- india was a seafaring country since ancient periods, carried commerce and culture
- cheapesr
- suitable for bulky and heavy goods
- fuel efficient
- environmentally friendly
- inland: 14,500 km, 5,600 km navigable
National waterways
- NW1
Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia - NW2
Brahmaputra river between sadiya and dhubri - NW3
West coast canal in kerala - NW4
Specified stretches along Godavari and Krishna
National waterways
- NW1
Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia - NW2
Brahmaputra river between sadiya and dhubri - NW3
West coast canal in kerala - NW4
Specified stretches along Godavari and Krishna, along Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals - NW5
Specified stretches of Brahmani + Matai river, delta channels of mahanadi and brahmani rivers, east coast canal
Other inland waterways
Mandavi
Zuari
Cumberjua
Sunderbands
Barak
Backwaters kerala
India coastline
no of ports
% of foreign trade
7,516.6 km
12 major
200 notified non major ports
95% of foreign trade
Major sea ports
- Kandla in Kuchchh
- Mumbai
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port
- Marmagao port (goa)
- New mangalore port
- Kochchi
- Tuticorin
- Chennai
- Vashakhapatnam
- Paradwip
- Kolkata
- Haldia
- Kandla in Kuchchh
- Mumbai
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port
- Marmagao port (goa)
- New mangalore port
- Kochchi
1:
-first port post independence
-ease trade on mumbai, karachi
- deendayal, tidal
- prod granary + agr, pj hr rj gj hp
2: biggest, spacious natural well sheltered harbour
3: decongest mmb, hub
4: premier iron ore exporting 50%
5: kudremukh iron ore concentrates
6: SW, entrance of lagoon natural harbour
Airways
- Fastest
- most comf
- prestigious
- cover very difficult terrains + long oceanic stretches
- Ex: north east
nig rivers, dissected relief, dense forests, frequent floods, international frontiers - Nationalised in 1953: Air India (domestic + int services)
- Pawanhans Helicopter Ltd ( 4 ONGC to NE states and interiors of Jnk, HP, UK)
- NE, special provisions, to extend services to common people
Trade
Exchange of goods/services among people, states and countries.
Market is a place where such exchanges take place
Index to a country’s economic prosperity
Economic barometer
Why is international trade essential
Resources are space-bound
Components of trade + 2 types of balance
Import and export
when value of import > export: unfavourable balance of trade
vice versa
Indian Postal Network
- largest in the world
- first class mail: cards + envelopes (airlifted)
- second class mail: book packets + periodicals + registered newspapers ( surface mail)
- six mail channels introduced: facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities
- Rajdhani
- Metro
- Green
- Bulk
- periodical
- Bussiness
Telecom in India
- One of largest in Asia
- > 2/3 of villages have been covered with subscriber trunk dialing (std) telephone facility
- govt has made special provision to extend 24H std to every village
- Uniform rate of STD facilities all across India
- Made possible by integrating space tech dev with comm tech
Mass Communication
- Provides entertainment
- creates awareness about national programmes and policies
- includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, films
- All India Radio (Akashwani): broadcasts programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, over diff parts of country
- Doordarshan: National television channel of India, one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world, entertainment-educational-sports etc for diff age groups
- Newspapers in about 100 languages and dialects. Hindi>English>Urdu
- India is the largest producer of feature films. short films, video feature films and video short films
- CBFC: central board of film certificate (authority to certify both indian and foreign films)
Major sea ports
- Kandla in Kuchchh
- Mumbai
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port
- Marmagao port (goa)
- New mangalore port
- Kochchi
- Tuticorin
- Chennai
- Vashakhapatnam
- Paradwip
- Kolkata
- Haldia
Kandla in Kuchch
- First port developed post independence
- To ease volume of trade on Mumbai after the loss of Karachi port to pakistan
- AKA Deendayal Port
- Tidal Port
- Convinient handling of imps/exps in productive granary and industrial belt stretching across Jnk, HP, Pj, Hr, Rj, Gj
Mumbai
Biggest Port
Spacious natural and well sheltered harbour
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
to decongest the mumbai port
serve as a hub port for this region
Marmagao port
Premier iron ore exporting port of the country
50% of iron ore export
New Mangalore Port
Karnataka, export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines
Kochchi
Extreme south western port
located at entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu
Natural harbour
Rich hinterland
Handing large amount of cargoes to Sri Lanka Maldives etc + coastal regions india
Chennai
One of the oldest artificial port
Ranked next to mumbai, volume of trade and cargo
Vishakhapatnam
Deepest landlocked port
Well-protected
Originally conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports
Paradwip
Odisha
Specialises in export of Iron ore
Kolkata
inland riverine port
serves large and rich hinterland of ganga-brahmaputra basin
tidal port: requires constant dredging of Hoogly
Haldia
Subsidiary port
to relieve pressure on Kolkata
