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Geography > Minerals and resources > Flashcards

Minerals and resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Mineral definition

A

Homogeneous naturally ocurring substance with a definable internal structure

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2
Q

Ore

A

Accumulation of a mineral along with any other element

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3
Q

In igneous and metamorphic rocks

A

cracks, cervices, faults, joints

Veins, lodes

Liquid/gaseous minerals are forced upwards and solidify

Zinc, Copper, lead tin

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4
Q

In sedimentary rocks

A

Layers/beds

deposition and accumulation horizontally

Coal, iron ore

due to evaporation: potash salt, sodium salt, gypsum

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5
Q

In weathered material

A

Decomposition of surface rocks > removal of soluble constituents > residual mass of weathered material

Bauxite

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6
Q

Alluvial deposits

A

Valleys/bases of hills

Not corroded by water

Tin, gold, silver, platinum

PLACER

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7
Q

Ocean water

A

most are too diffused to be economically important

common salt, magnesium, bromine

magnesium nodules: ocean beds

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8
Q

Factors that affect the economic viability of a reserves

A

Concentration of mineral in the ore
Proximity to market
Ease of extraction

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9
Q

Iron ore

A

Basic mineral, backbone of economic development

Magnetite: 70% iron (electrical industry)
Hematite: 50-60% iron (most important, quantity)

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10
Q

Odisha-Jharkhand

A
  1. High grade hematite: Badampahar mayurbhanj
    (Odisha)
  2. Haematite: Gua, Noamundi singbhum (Jharkhand)
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11
Q

Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur

A

Chattisgarh and Maharashtra

Very high grade hematite: used to make steel

Bailadila in bastar (14 deposits)

Exported to SK and Japan, vishakha

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12
Q

Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru

A

Karnataka

Kudremukh mine, western ghats

One of the largest reserves

100% export unit

Slurry, pipeline, Mangaluru

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13
Q

Maharashtra-Goa

A

Goa + Ratnagiri

Not high quality but exploited efficiently

Port near Marmagao

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14
Q

Name 4 main iron ore belts

A

Odisha-Jharkhand
Mumbai-Goa
Bellari-Chitradugra-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur

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14
Q

Name 4 main iron ore belts

A

Odisha-Jharkhand
Mumbai-Goa
Bellari-Chitradugra-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru
Durg-Bastre-Chandrapur

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15
Q

Manganese

A

10kgs > 1 tonne of steel

Manufacturing ferro-manganese alloys, paints, bleaching powder, insecticides

16
Q

Copper

A

India is deficient in reserve and production

Balaghat: MP
Khetri: Rajasthan

Singhbhum district: Jharkhand

CABLES, ELECTRONICS, CHEM IND

17
Q

Bauxite

A

Aluminium source

DECOMP OF ROCKS RICH IN AL SILICATES

Panchpatmali in Koraput in Odisha

Amarkantak Plateau
Maikal hills
Bhilaspur-Katni

18
Q

Mica

A

Very malleable
Good insulator
High tolerance to voltage
Low power loss
Excellent di-electric strength

Chota Nagpur Plateau (north)
Jharkhand: Koderma Gaya Hazaribagh
Rajasthan: Ajmer
Andhra Pradesh: Nellore

19
Q

Limestone

A

Found in association w Calcium/Magnesium Carbonates

Sedimentary rocks of most geological formations

Cement industry
Iron ore smelting

20
Q

Steps to conserve minerals

A

-Improve technology to make low grade ores usable
-Recycle metals
-Use metal scraps and alternative materials

21
Q

Coal (types)

A

Most abundantly available fossil fuel

Used to generate power for industrial and domestic activities

Lignite:
decomposition in swamps
low grade, high moisture
Neyveli Tamil Nadu
Electricity

Bituminous coal:
Most important commercially + iron smelting
Deeper and more heat

Anthracite:
Highest quality coal

22
Q

Coal distribution

A

Gondwana (200 million)
Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), Raniganj, Mahanadi, Godavari, Son valleys

Tertiary deposits (55 million)
Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland

23
Q

Petroleum

A

Heat/lighting fuel, lubricant, raw material

Nodal industry: synthetic textiles, pesticides, chemical

> > anticlines or domes
trapped in the crest of the upfold
Oil bearing (porous) limestone or sandstone
Prevented from sinking/rising non porous rocks

fault traps
between and porous and

Mumbai High,
Assam: Naharkatia, Digboi,
Gujarat: Ankeleshwar

24
Q

Electricity

A

Per capita usage is a sign of development

Hydro:
Water turbines moved by fast flowing water

Thermal:
Petroleum/coal/natural gas are burnt to move turbines

25
Q

Natural Gas

Features, found where etc

A

Energy + raw material for petrochemical industries

low carbon dioxide emissions; clean energy resource

Krishna-Godavari Basin
Gulf of Cambay/Mumbai High
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Hazira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur Natural Gas Pipeline
1700km
Mumbai High/Bassein&raquo_space; North and West India (power and industrial complexes)

26
Q

Why are renewable sources of energy needed

A

Dependence on non renewable sources
Finite quantity/potential for shortage
Environmental problems
Fluctuating prices

27
Q

Nuclear/Atomic energy

A

Altering structure of atoms produces heat

Uranium Thorium

Rajasthan: Aravali Hills
Kerala: Monazite sands
Jharkhand

28
Q

Solar energy

A

Photovoltaic energy: sunlight>electricity

Rural areas
1. decreases firewood and dung cakes: environmental conservation
2. adequate manure in agriculture

29
Q

Wind energy

A

Nagercoil-Madurai: Tamil Nadu
Jaisalmer: Rajasthan

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, laksh

30
Q

Biogas

A

When organic matter like shrubs and animal waste decompose, gas is produced

More thermal efficiency than kerosene, charcoal, dung cakes,

Gobar Gas Plants: cattle dung

Benefits
1. Better manure
2. Energy
3. Saves trees

31
Q

Tidal Energy

A

Inlets> floodgate dams
High tide- enter
Low tide- residual water leaves through pipes with turbines

Gulf of Khambat/Kuchchh

Sunderbans, Gangetic Delta

32
Q

Geo Thermal Energy

A

Areas with high geothermal gradients have high temperature at shallow depths

Groundwater gets heated and comes out as steam: used for turbines

Parvati Valley: HP
Puga Valley: Ladakh

33
Q

Energy conservation

A
  1. Energy conservation
    -public transport
    -switching off appliances when not used
    -using power saving devices
  2. Increased use of renewable energy resources

Geography (7 decks)

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