Minerals and resources Flashcards
Mineral definition
Homogeneous naturally ocurring substance with a definable internal structure
Ore
Accumulation of a mineral along with any other element
In igneous and metamorphic rocks
cracks, cervices, faults, joints
Veins, lodes
Liquid/gaseous minerals are forced upwards and solidify
Zinc, Copper, lead tin
In sedimentary rocks
Layers/beds
deposition and accumulation horizontally
Coal, iron ore
due to evaporation: potash salt, sodium salt, gypsum
In weathered material
Decomposition of surface rocks > removal of soluble constituents > residual mass of weathered material
Bauxite
Alluvial deposits
Valleys/bases of hills
Not corroded by water
Tin, gold, silver, platinum
PLACER
Ocean water
most are too diffused to be economically important
common salt, magnesium, bromine
magnesium nodules: ocean beds
Factors that affect the economic viability of a reserves
Concentration of mineral in the ore
Proximity to market
Ease of extraction
Iron ore
Basic mineral, backbone of economic development
Magnetite: 70% iron (electrical industry)
Hematite: 50-60% iron (most important, quantity)
Odisha-Jharkhand
- High grade hematite: Badampahar mayurbhanj
(Odisha) - Haematite: Gua, Noamundi singbhum (Jharkhand)
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur
Chattisgarh and Maharashtra
Very high grade hematite: used to make steel
Bailadila in bastar (14 deposits)
Exported to SK and Japan, vishakha
Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru
Karnataka
Kudremukh mine, western ghats
One of the largest reserves
100% export unit
Slurry, pipeline, Mangaluru
Maharashtra-Goa
Goa + Ratnagiri
Not high quality but exploited efficiently
Port near Marmagao
Name 4 main iron ore belts
Odisha-Jharkhand
Mumbai-Goa
Bellari-Chitradugra-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur
Name 4 main iron ore belts
Odisha-Jharkhand
Mumbai-Goa
Bellari-Chitradugra-Chikkamangaluru-Tumakuru
Durg-Bastre-Chandrapur
Manganese
10kgs > 1 tonne of steel
Manufacturing ferro-manganese alloys, paints, bleaching powder, insecticides
Copper
India is deficient in reserve and production
Balaghat: MP
Khetri: Rajasthan
Singhbhum district: Jharkhand
CABLES, ELECTRONICS, CHEM IND
Bauxite
Aluminium source
DECOMP OF ROCKS RICH IN AL SILICATES
Panchpatmali in Koraput in Odisha
Amarkantak Plateau
Maikal hills
Bhilaspur-Katni
Mica
Very malleable
Good insulator
High tolerance to voltage
Low power loss
Excellent di-electric strength
Chota Nagpur Plateau (north)
Jharkhand: Koderma Gaya Hazaribagh
Rajasthan: Ajmer
Andhra Pradesh: Nellore
Limestone
Found in association w Calcium/Magnesium Carbonates
Sedimentary rocks of most geological formations
Cement industry
Iron ore smelting
Steps to conserve minerals
-Improve technology to make low grade ores usable
-Recycle metals
-Use metal scraps and alternative materials
Coal (types)
Most abundantly available fossil fuel
Used to generate power for industrial and domestic activities
Lignite:
decomposition in swamps
low grade, high moisture
Neyveli Tamil Nadu
Electricity
Bituminous coal:
Most important commercially + iron smelting
Deeper and more heat
Anthracite:
Highest quality coal
Coal distribution
Gondwana (200 million)
Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), Raniganj, Mahanadi, Godavari, Son valleys
Tertiary deposits (55 million)
Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland
Petroleum
Heat/lighting fuel, lubricant, raw material
Nodal industry: synthetic textiles, pesticides, chemical
> > anticlines or domes
trapped in the crest of the upfold
Oil bearing (porous) limestone or sandstone
Prevented from sinking/rising non porous rocks
fault traps
between and porous and
Mumbai High,
Assam: Naharkatia, Digboi,
Gujarat: Ankeleshwar
Electricity
Per capita usage is a sign of development
Hydro:
Water turbines moved by fast flowing water
Thermal:
Petroleum/coal/natural gas are burnt to move turbines
Natural Gas
Features, found where etc
Energy + raw material for petrochemical industries
low carbon dioxide emissions; clean energy resource
Krishna-Godavari Basin
Gulf of Cambay/Mumbai High
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Hazira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur Natural Gas Pipeline
1700km
Mumbai High/Bassein»_space; North and West India (power and industrial complexes)
Why are renewable sources of energy needed
Dependence on non renewable sources
Finite quantity/potential for shortage
Environmental problems
Fluctuating prices
Nuclear/Atomic energy
Altering structure of atoms produces heat
Uranium Thorium
Rajasthan: Aravali Hills
Kerala: Monazite sands
Jharkhand
Solar energy
Photovoltaic energy: sunlight>electricity
Rural areas
1. decreases firewood and dung cakes: environmental conservation
2. adequate manure in agriculture
Wind energy
Nagercoil-Madurai: Tamil Nadu
Jaisalmer: Rajasthan
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, laksh
Biogas
When organic matter like shrubs and animal waste decompose, gas is produced
More thermal efficiency than kerosene, charcoal, dung cakes,
Gobar Gas Plants: cattle dung
Benefits
1. Better manure
2. Energy
3. Saves trees
Tidal Energy
Inlets> floodgate dams
High tide- enter
Low tide- residual water leaves through pipes with turbines
Gulf of Khambat/Kuchchh
Sunderbans, Gangetic Delta
Geo Thermal Energy
Areas with high geothermal gradients have high temperature at shallow depths
Groundwater gets heated and comes out as steam: used for turbines
Parvati Valley: HP
Puga Valley: Ladakh
Energy conservation
- Energy conservation
-public transport
-switching off appliances when not used
-using power saving devices - Increased use of renewable energy resources
