Resonance Disorders Flashcards
What is hypernasality?
Too much resonance on vowels and phonemes other than /m/, /n/, and ng; it occurs secondary to nasal coupling; signs of it include flaring of the nostrils and emission of air through the nostrils when you put a mirror or finger below their nostrils and notice fogging
What is hyponasality?
not enough nasal resonance on the nasal consonants, so the consonants sound like /b/, /d/, and /g/; this is caused by occlusion of the nasal cavity or blockage of the velopharyngeal port
What is resonance?
perceptual increase of loudness due to a increase in the tone of the larynx because of the whole upper airway cavities as well as the degree of coupling between cavities
What are the primary etiologies of resonance disorders?
mislearning (emission of air through the nose during production of sounds); structural (orofacial cleft, wide nasopharynx, gross tissue deficiencies); neurogenic (stroke or TBI which causes apraxia or dysarthria of speech); stress (e.g., wind instrument players); hard of hearing or deaf; interference of mechanics in the oral cavity (e.g., faucial pillars, tonsils, adenoids, advancement of the maxilla)
What is the psychosocial impact of resonance disorders?
A couple of studies have shown that people with resonance disorders are viewed as less attractive, more cruel, less reliable, and less kind
What is mixed nasality?
A resonance disorder where there is too much nasality of vowels and vocalic consonants, yet not enough resonance on nasal consonants; this is caused by a palatal obdurator, not enough timing of velopharyngeal port; and or sequellae to a surgery; this is most common in apraxia of speech
What is assimilative nasality?
voiced consonants/vowels become nasal when close to a nasal consonant; this is due to the VPI being open for too long or opening too soon
What are the different treatment approaches for resonance disorders?
behavioral (e.g., moving tongue to a different position or changing loudness or auditory feedback to promote self-awareness), exercise (e.g., oral motor exercises), surgical, or prosthodontic, or a combo of any of the approaches
What are the main parts of an assessment for resonance disorders?
examine the oral cavity, listen to them speak and perceive resonance, radiological assessment of head and neck, test articulation
What should an SLP consider when assessing for resonance disorders?
cultural competence and the presence of lexical tones; know vowels (Especially high vowels) and voiced consonants are most affected by VPD regardless of culture.
When generally used, the abbreviation VPI means
Velopharyngeal inadequacy; velopharyngeal problems regardless of cause
What does the term velopharyngeal insufficiency imply?
structural cause contributing to the resonance disorder
What does the term velopharyngeal incompetence imply?
neurogenic cause contributing to the resonance disorder
What does the term velopharyngeal mislearning imply?
implies a learned behavior (e.g., tongue positioning) that contributes to the resonance disorder
What is the embryonic development of the anatomical structures relevant for resonance?
The primary palate, which consists parts anterior to the incisive foramen) develops. As it develops, the swellings of the frontonasal prominence grows and tissues around the nose fuse. The secondary palate, which consists of parts posterior to the incisive foramen) develops afterwards. The swellings of the maxillary prominences form palatal shelves separated by the tongue. The tongue descends into the oral cavity once the mandible grows and makes room for the palatal shelves (lateral palatine processes) to fuse. This fusion is similar to closing of a zipper.
