Resistance to Social Influence Flashcards
The pressure to conform can be resisted if there are other people present who are…
not conforming
True/False: The pressure to conform can be resisted if there are other people present who are not conforming, even if they are not giving the ‘right’ answer
True
What does someone else not following the majority enable naive participants to do?
Be free to follow their own conscience
How do confederates act as a ‘model’ for independent behaviour?
Their dissent gives rise to more dissent because it shows that the majority is no longer unanimous
Pressure to obey can be resisted if there is another person who…
is seen to disobey
In Milgram’s variations, rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when…
the genuine participant was joined by a disobedient confederate
True/False: When there is a disobedient confederate, participants will always follow their behaviour
False: They may still be obedient or go against the majority without giving the same response as the confederate
Confederates act as a ‘_____’ of dissent for participants to copy and free them to act from their own __________
model, conscience
How does the disobedient model challenge the legitimacy of the authority figure?
It makes it easier to disobey
What was Teen Fresh Start USA?
An eight-week programme to help pregnant adolescents aged 14-19 resist peer pressure to smoke
How was social support provided in Teen Fresh Start USA?
Provided by a slightly older mentor or ‘buddy’
What were the findings from the Teen Fresh Start USA research, regarding adolescents who had a ‘buddy’?
They were significantly less likely to smoke than a control group of participants who did not have a ‘buddy’
What did the Teen Fresh Start USA experiment show?
Social support can help young people resist social influence in the real world
In William Gamson et al.’s study, what were participants told to do?
Produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign
William Gamson et al. found higher/lower levels of resistance than Milgram did in his study. Why?
Higher, probably because participants were in groups so could discuss what they were told to do
In William Gamson et al.’s study, 88% of groups rebelled against their orders. What does this show?
Peer support can lead to disobedience by undermining legitimacy of an authority figure
Who proposed locus of control as a concept concerned with internal control versus external control?
Julian Rotter
What does having an internal LOC mean?
You believe that the things that happen to you are largely controlled by yourself
If you do well in an exam it is because you worked hard, and if not then you didn’t work hard. What LOC is this an example of?
Internal
What does having an external LOC mean?
You tend to believe the things that happen are outside of your control
If you do well in an exam it is because of an excellent textbook, and if you failed you might blame it on the textbook or bad luck with the questions that were asked. What LOC is this an example of?
External
True/False: People either have an internal of external locus of control
False, people are not just either internal or external
Individuals may vary in their position on how much of an internal or external locus of control they have. This means that LOC is a…
scale
In the LOC spectrum, what is on one end of the continuum and what is on the other?
High internal LOC is at one end and high external LOC on the other
In the LOC spectrum, which two things lie in-between high internal and high external LOC, in the middle?
Low internal and low external LOC
People with a ____ ________ LOC are more able to resist pressures to conform or obey
high internal
If a person takes personal responsibility for their actions and experiences, they tend to base their decisions on…
their own beliefs rather than depending on the opinions of others
People with a ____ ________ LOC tend to e more self-confident, more achievement-oriented and have higher intelligence
high internal
Self-confident, achievement-orientated and high intelligence are traits that lead to _______ resistance to social influence
greater
Self-confident, achievement-orientated and high intelligence are characteristics of leaders, who have much less need for what than followers?
Social approval
When Milgram’s baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, 37% of internals…
did not continue to the highest shock level
When Milgram’s baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, internals showed no/some/greater resistance to authority
some
When Milgram’s baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, externals showed no/some/greater resistance to authority
greater
When Milgram’s baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, __% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level
37
What does the replication of Milgram’s baseline study measuring whether participants were internals or externals show?
Resistance is at least partly related to LOC, increasing its validity as an explanation of disobedience
When data from American locus of control studies over a 40 year period was analysed, data showed that…
over this time people became more resistant to obedience ut also more external
If resistance is linked to an internal locus of control, we would expect people becoming more resistant to obedience would correlate with a trend of people becoming more ________
internal
“Data showed that over a 40-year period people became more resistant to obedience but also more external.” What does this suggest about locus of control?
It is not a valid explanation of how people resist social influence
