Obedience Flashcards
Milgram designed a baseline procedure that could be used to…
assess obedience levels
Milgram’s procedure was adapted in later __________ by Milgram, and the baseline findings were used to make what?
variations, comparisons
How many men volunteered to take part in Milgram’s baseline study?
40
40 men from which country volunteered to take part in Milgram’s baseline study?
America
Milgram’s participants were told that the study they were taking part in was on what?
Memory
When each volunteer arrived at Milgram’s lab, he was introduced to another…
participant (a confederate of Milgram’s)
Participants in Milgram’s study drew lots to see who would be the…
teacher and who would be the learner
True/False: Milgram’s draw was fixed so that the participant was always the Teacher
True
Milgram’s draw was fixed so that genuine participants were always the teacher/learner
teacher
Who was the experimenter in Milgram’s experiment?
A confederate, dressed in a grey lab coat
True/False: Experimenters in Milgram’s experiment were genuine participants
False: They were confederates dressed in a grey lab coat
Milgram’s study aimed to assess…
obedience in a situation where an authority figure (Experimenter) ordered the participant (Teacher) to give an increasingly strong shock to a Learner located in a different room
In Milgram’s study, who was the authority figure?
Experimenter
In Milgram’s study, who was the participant?
Teacher
In Milgram’s study, who was a confederate?
The experimenter and learner
What did Experimenters in Milgram’s study wear?
A grey lab coat
In Milgram’s baseline study, the Learner was located in the same/a different room
a different room
In Milgram’s baseline study, the Teacher gave the Learner increasingly strong shocks in __-volt steps, up to ___ volts
15, 450
True/False: The Teacher in Milgram’s experiment was actually shocking participants
False: The shocks were fake but the Teacher didn’t know this
Milgram’s participants were men/women
men
Milgram’s participants were men aged __-__
20-50
How were Milgram’s participants recruited?
Volunteers recruited trough a newspaper advert or mailshot
True/False: The Teacher in Milgram’s baseline study was given a small shock to experience for themselves
True
True/False: The shock given to the Teacher at the start of the procedure was the first of many shocks in Milgram’s baseline study
False: This was the only genuine shock in the procedure
In Milgram’s baseline study, what did the Learner have to do?
Remember pairs of words
In Milgram’s baseline study, what happened each time the Learner made an error?
The Teacher delivered a stronger (fake) ‘electric shock’ by pressing switches on a ‘shock machine’
How were the switches on the ‘shock machine’ labelled in Milgram’s experiment?
From ‘slight shock’ through ‘intense shock’ to ‘danger - severe shock’
When the Teacher got to 300 volts in Milgram’s experiment, what did the learner do?
Pounded on the wall and then gave no response to the next question
When the Teacher got to 315 volts in Milgram’s experiment, what did the learner do?
Pound on the wall again and remain silent for the rest of the procedure
How many participants in Milgram’s baseline study delivered all the shocks up to 300 volts?
Every participant
How many participants in Milgram’s baseline study stopped giving shocks at 300 vaults? (‘intense shock’)
5
What percentage of Milgram’s participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts and were fully obedient?
65%
True/False: Milgram also collected qualitative data including observations
True
Give an example of a piece of qualitative data that Milgram collected from his baseline study
Any from the participants showed signs of extreme tension, many of them were seen to ‘sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan and dig their fingernails into their hands’; three even had ‘full-blown uncontrollable seizures’
True/False: Participants in Milgram’s baseline study showed signs of extreme tension
True
Give two examples of signs of extreme tension shown by many of Milgram’s participants
Any two from sweating and trembling, stutter, bite their lips, groan and dig their fingernails into their hands
True/False: Two of Milgram’s participants had ‘full-blown uncontrollable seizures’
False, three did
Before Milgram’s experiment he asked __ psychology students to predict the participants’ behaviour
14
What did the 14 psychology students predict would happen in Milgram’s experiment?
No more than 3% of participants would continue to 450 volts
The fact that the 14 psychology students asked were so wrong in their predictions about Milgram’s experiment shows that…
the findings were unexpected
When Milgram asked 14 psychology students to predict what would happen in his experiment, the students estimated that no more than what percentage of participants would continue to 450 vaults?
3%
When Milgram asked 14 psychology students to predict what would happen in his experiment, the students over/underestimated how obedient people actually are
underestimated
True/False: All of Milgram’s participants were debriefed and assured that their behaviour was entirely normal
True
When Milgram sent out a follow-up questionnaire, what percentage of participants said they were glad to have participated?
84%
Why were participants debriefed after Milgram’s experiment?
Ethical reasons and to assure them that their behaviour was entirely normal
Milgram concluded that German people are/are not ‘different’
are not
Milgram found that the American participants in his study were willing to obey orders even when…
they might harm another person
Milgram suspected that there were certain factors that encouraged obedience, so he…
decided to conduct further studies to investigate these
True/False: Milgram’s findings were replicated in a Dutch documentary that was made about reality TV
False: It was a French documentary
What did Beauvois et al.’s documentary replicating Milgram’s findings focus on?
A game show made especially for the programme
In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, what did participants in the ‘game’ believe?
They were contestants in a pilot episode of a show called The Game of Death
In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, what were participants paid to do?
Give fake electric shocks ordered by the presenter
In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, who did participants give (fake) electric shocks to?
‘other participants’ (who were actually actors)
In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, who did participants give the electric shocks in front of?
A studio audience
What percentage of participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently unconscious man in Beauvois et al.’s study?
80
In Beauvois et al.’s study, 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of __ volts to an apparently unconscious man
460
In Beauvois et al.’s study, 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently ___________ man
unconscious
Beauvois et al. found that participants’ behaviour was almost identical/the opposite to that of Milgram’s participants
identical
Beauvois et al. found that participants’ behaviour was almost identical to that of Milgram’s participants, for example…
nervous laughter, nail-biting and other signs of anxiety
Beauvois et al.’s findings support Milgram’s original findings about obedience to authority, and that findings were not just due to…
special circumstances
One limitation of Milgram’s procedure is that he may not have been testing what he…
intended to test
Milgram reported that __% of his participants said they believed the shocks were genuine
75
What did Orne and Holland argue?
That participants in Milgram’s study behaved as they did because they didn’t really believe in the set up, so they were ‘play-acting’
What did Perry do in relation to Milgram’s experiment?
Listened to the tapes of Milgram’s participants
What did Perry find when listening to the tapes of Milgram’s participants?
Only about half of them believed the shocks were real, and two-thirds of these participants were disobedient
True/False: Perry found that only about half of Milgram’s participants believed the shocks were real
True
Perry found that only about half of Milgram’s participants believed the shocks were real. What portion of these participants were disobedient?
Two-thirds
Perry’s findings suggest that participants in Milgram’s study may have been responding to what?
demand characteristics
Sheridan and King conducted a study using a procedure like _______’s
Milgram’s
What did participants in Sheridan and King’s study do?
Gave real shocks to a puppy in response to orders from an experimenter
Participants in Sheridan and King’s study gave real shocks to a _____ in response to orders from an experimenter
puppy
Despite the real distress of the animal, what percentage of men gave the puppy what they thought was a fatal shock?
54
Despite the real distress to the animal, what percentage of the women gave the puppy what they thought was a fatal shock?
100
Sheridan and King’s findings suggest that the effects in Milgram’s study were _______. Why?
genuine because people behaved obediently even when the shocks were real
Who argued that Milgram’s conclusions about blind obedience may not be justified?
Haslam et al.
Haslam et al. showed that Milgram’s participants obeyed when the Experimenter delivered…
the first three verbal prods
Haslam et al. showed that every participant who was given the fourth prod in Milgram’s study obeyed/disobeyed
disobeyed
According to social identity theory, participants in Milgram’s study only obeyed when they…
identified with the scientific aims of the research (‘The experiment requires that you continue’)
Participants in Milgram’s experiment continuing when told ‘the experiment requires that you continue’ is an example of which theory?
Social identify theory
When participants were ordered to blindly obey an authority figure (“You have no other choice, you must go on”), Haslam et al. showed that they continued/refused
refused
Haslam et al.’s findings show that SIT may provide what in terms of Milgram’s findings?
more valid interpretation of Milgram’s findings
Milgram himself suggested that ‘___________ ____ ___ _______’ is a reason for obedience
identifying with the science
True/False: Participants in Milgram’s study were deceived
True
How were participants in Milgram’s study deceived?
They thought the allocation of roles was random, but this was fixed. They also thought the shocks were real
How did Milgram deal with the deception in his experiment?
He debriefed participants
How many standard ‘prods’ were used by the Experimenter to order the Teacher to continue in Milgram’s study?
4
Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “Please c_______”
continue
Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “Please go __”
on
Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “The experiment ________ that you ________”
requires, continue
Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “It is __________ _________ that you continue”
absolutely essential
Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “You have no _____ ______, you ____ go on”
other choice, must
