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Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence > Obedience > Flashcards

Obedience Flashcards

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1
Q

Milgram designed a baseline procedure that could be used to…

A

assess obedience levels

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2
Q

Milgram’s procedure was adapted in later __________ by Milgram, and the baseline findings were used to make what?

A

variations, comparisons

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3
Q

How many men volunteered to take part in Milgram’s baseline study?

A

40

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4
Q

40 men from which country volunteered to take part in Milgram’s baseline study?

A

America

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5
Q

Milgram’s participants were told that the study they were taking part in was on what?

A

Memory

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6
Q

When each volunteer arrived at Milgram’s lab, he was introduced to another…

A

participant (a confederate of Milgram’s)

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7
Q

Participants in Milgram’s study drew lots to see who would be the…

A

teacher and who would be the learner

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8
Q

True/False: Milgram’s draw was fixed so that the participant was always the Teacher

A

True

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9
Q

Milgram’s draw was fixed so that genuine participants were always the teacher/learner

A

teacher

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10
Q

Who was the experimenter in Milgram’s experiment?

A

A confederate, dressed in a grey lab coat

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11
Q

True/False: Experimenters in Milgram’s experiment were genuine participants

A

False: They were confederates dressed in a grey lab coat

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12
Q

Milgram’s study aimed to assess…

A

obedience in a situation where an authority figure (Experimenter) ordered the participant (Teacher) to give an increasingly strong shock to a Learner located in a different room

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13
Q

In Milgram’s study, who was the authority figure?

A

Experimenter

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14
Q

In Milgram’s study, who was the participant?

A

Teacher

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15
Q

In Milgram’s study, who was a confederate?

A

The experimenter and learner

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16
Q

What did Experimenters in Milgram’s study wear?

A

A grey lab coat

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17
Q

In Milgram’s baseline study, the Learner was located in the same/a different room

A

a different room

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18
Q

In Milgram’s baseline study, the Teacher gave the Learner increasingly strong shocks in __-volt steps, up to ___ volts

A

15, 450

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19
Q

True/False: The Teacher in Milgram’s experiment was actually shocking participants

A

False: The shocks were fake but the Teacher didn’t know this

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20
Q

Milgram’s participants were men/women

A

men

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21
Q

Milgram’s participants were men aged __-__

A

20-50

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22
Q

How were Milgram’s participants recruited?

A

Volunteers recruited trough a newspaper advert or mailshot

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23
Q

True/False: The Teacher in Milgram’s baseline study was given a small shock to experience for themselves

A

True

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24
Q

True/False: The shock given to the Teacher at the start of the procedure was the first of many shocks in Milgram’s baseline study

A

False: This was the only genuine shock in the procedure

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25
Q

In Milgram’s baseline study, what did the Learner have to do?

A

Remember pairs of words

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26
Q

In Milgram’s baseline study, what happened each time the Learner made an error?

A

The Teacher delivered a stronger (fake) ‘electric shock’ by pressing switches on a ‘shock machine’

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27
Q

How were the switches on the ‘shock machine’ labelled in Milgram’s experiment?

A

From ‘slight shock’ through ‘intense shock’ to ‘danger - severe shock’

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28
Q

When the Teacher got to 300 volts in Milgram’s experiment, what did the learner do?

A

Pounded on the wall and then gave no response to the next question

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29
Q

When the Teacher got to 315 volts in Milgram’s experiment, what did the learner do?

A

Pound on the wall again and remain silent for the rest of the procedure

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30
Q

How many participants in Milgram’s baseline study delivered all the shocks up to 300 volts?

A

Every participant

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31
Q

How many participants in Milgram’s baseline study stopped giving shocks at 300 vaults? (‘intense shock’)

A

5

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32
Q

What percentage of Milgram’s participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts and were fully obedient?

A

65%

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33
Q

True/False: Milgram also collected qualitative data including observations

A

True

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34
Q

Give an example of a piece of qualitative data that Milgram collected from his baseline study

A

Any from the participants showed signs of extreme tension, many of them were seen to ‘sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan and dig their fingernails into their hands’; three even had ‘full-blown uncontrollable seizures’

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35
Q

True/False: Participants in Milgram’s baseline study showed signs of extreme tension

A

True

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36
Q

Give two examples of signs of extreme tension shown by many of Milgram’s participants

A

Any two from sweating and trembling, stutter, bite their lips, groan and dig their fingernails into their hands

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37
Q

True/False: Two of Milgram’s participants had ‘full-blown uncontrollable seizures’

A

False, three did

38
Q

Before Milgram’s experiment he asked __ psychology students to predict the participants’ behaviour

A

14

39
Q

What did the 14 psychology students predict would happen in Milgram’s experiment?

A

No more than 3% of participants would continue to 450 volts

40
Q

The fact that the 14 psychology students asked were so wrong in their predictions about Milgram’s experiment shows that…

A

the findings were unexpected

41
Q

When Milgram asked 14 psychology students to predict what would happen in his experiment, the students estimated that no more than what percentage of participants would continue to 450 vaults?

A

3%

42
Q

When Milgram asked 14 psychology students to predict what would happen in his experiment, the students over/underestimated how obedient people actually are

A

underestimated

43
Q

True/False: All of Milgram’s participants were debriefed and assured that their behaviour was entirely normal

A

True

44
Q

When Milgram sent out a follow-up questionnaire, what percentage of participants said they were glad to have participated?

A

84%

45
Q

Why were participants debriefed after Milgram’s experiment?

A

Ethical reasons and to assure them that their behaviour was entirely normal

46
Q

Milgram concluded that German people are/are not ‘different’

A

are not

47
Q

Milgram found that the American participants in his study were willing to obey orders even when…

A

they might harm another person

48
Q

Milgram suspected that there were certain factors that encouraged obedience, so he…

A

decided to conduct further studies to investigate these

49
Q

True/False: Milgram’s findings were replicated in a Dutch documentary that was made about reality TV

A

False: It was a French documentary

50
Q

What did Beauvois et al.’s documentary replicating Milgram’s findings focus on?

A

A game show made especially for the programme

51
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, what did participants in the ‘game’ believe?

A

They were contestants in a pilot episode of a show called The Game of Death

52
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, what were participants paid to do?

A

Give fake electric shocks ordered by the presenter

53
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, who did participants give (fake) electric shocks to?

A

‘other participants’ (who were actually actors)

54
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s documentary, who did participants give the electric shocks in front of?

A

A studio audience

55
Q

What percentage of participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently unconscious man in Beauvois et al.’s study?

A

80

56
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s study, 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of __ volts to an apparently unconscious man

A

460

57
Q

In Beauvois et al.’s study, 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently ___________ man

A

unconscious

58
Q

Beauvois et al. found that participants’ behaviour was almost identical/the opposite to that of Milgram’s participants

A

identical

59
Q

Beauvois et al. found that participants’ behaviour was almost identical to that of Milgram’s participants, for example…

A

nervous laughter, nail-biting and other signs of anxiety

60
Q

Beauvois et al.’s findings support Milgram’s original findings about obedience to authority, and that findings were not just due to…

A

special circumstances

61
Q

One limitation of Milgram’s procedure is that he may not have been testing what he…

A

intended to test

62
Q

Milgram reported that __% of his participants said they believed the shocks were genuine

A

75

63
Q

What did Orne and Holland argue?

A

That participants in Milgram’s study behaved as they did because they didn’t really believe in the set up, so they were ‘play-acting’

64
Q

What did Perry do in relation to Milgram’s experiment?

A

Listened to the tapes of Milgram’s participants

65
Q

What did Perry find when listening to the tapes of Milgram’s participants?

A

Only about half of them believed the shocks were real, and two-thirds of these participants were disobedient

66
Q

True/False: Perry found that only about half of Milgram’s participants believed the shocks were real

A

True

67
Q

Perry found that only about half of Milgram’s participants believed the shocks were real. What portion of these participants were disobedient?

A

Two-thirds

68
Q

Perry’s findings suggest that participants in Milgram’s study may have been responding to what?

A

demand characteristics

69
Q

Sheridan and King conducted a study using a procedure like _______’s

A

Milgram’s

70
Q

What did participants in Sheridan and King’s study do?

A

Gave real shocks to a puppy in response to orders from an experimenter

71
Q

Participants in Sheridan and King’s study gave real shocks to a _____ in response to orders from an experimenter

A

puppy

72
Q

Despite the real distress of the animal, what percentage of men gave the puppy what they thought was a fatal shock?

A

54

73
Q

Despite the real distress to the animal, what percentage of the women gave the puppy what they thought was a fatal shock?

A

100

74
Q

Sheridan and King’s findings suggest that the effects in Milgram’s study were _______. Why?

A

genuine because people behaved obediently even when the shocks were real

75
Q

Who argued that Milgram’s conclusions about blind obedience may not be justified?

A

Haslam et al.

76
Q

Haslam et al. showed that Milgram’s participants obeyed when the Experimenter delivered…

A

the first three verbal prods

77
Q

Haslam et al. showed that every participant who was given the fourth prod in Milgram’s study obeyed/disobeyed

A

disobeyed

78
Q

According to social identity theory, participants in Milgram’s study only obeyed when they…

A

identified with the scientific aims of the research (‘The experiment requires that you continue’)

79
Q

Participants in Milgram’s experiment continuing when told ‘the experiment requires that you continue’ is an example of which theory?

A

Social identify theory

80
Q

When participants were ordered to blindly obey an authority figure (“You have no other choice, you must go on”), Haslam et al. showed that they continued/refused

A

refused

81
Q

Haslam et al.’s findings show that SIT may provide what in terms of Milgram’s findings?

A

more valid interpretation of Milgram’s findings

82
Q

Milgram himself suggested that ‘___________ ____ ___ _______’ is a reason for obedience

A

identifying with the science

83
Q

True/False: Participants in Milgram’s study were deceived

A

True

84
Q

How were participants in Milgram’s study deceived?

A

They thought the allocation of roles was random, but this was fixed. They also thought the shocks were real

85
Q

How did Milgram deal with the deception in his experiment?

A

He debriefed participants

86
Q

How many standard ‘prods’ were used by the Experimenter to order the Teacher to continue in Milgram’s study?

A

4

87
Q

Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “Please c_______”

A

continue

88
Q

Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “Please go __”

A

on

89
Q

Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “The experiment ________ that you ________”

A

requires, continue

90
Q

Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “It is __________ _________ that you continue”

A

absolutely essential

91
Q

Fill in the blanks from the prod used in Milgram’s experiment: “You have no _____ ______, you ____ go on”

A

other choice, must

Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence (6 decks)

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