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Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence > Obedience: Dispositional explanation > Flashcards

Obedience: Dispositional explanation Flashcards

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1
Q

Adorno wanted to understand…

A

the anti-Semitism of the Holocaust

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2
Q

Adorno’s research led them to draw very similar/different conclusions to Milgram’s

A

different

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3
Q

Adorno believed that a high level of obedience was…

A

a psychological disorder

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4
Q

Adorno believed that the cause of high levels of obedience lie in…

A

the personality of the individual

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5
Q

True/False: Adorno believed that the causes of high levels in obedience was due to situational factors

A

False, dispositional factors

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6
Q

Who did Adorno study?

A

More than 2000 middle-class white Americans

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7
Q

Adorno studied what about 2000 middle-class white Americans?

A

Their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups

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8
Q

What is the measurement scale developed by Adorno called?

A

F-scale

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9
Q

What is the full name for the F-scale?

A

Potential-for-fascism

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10
Q

What is the F-scale used to measure?

A

Potential-for-fascism / Authoritarian Personality

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11
Q

True/False: “Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues for children to learn” is an example of an F-scale item

A

True

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12
Q

What is “There is hardly anything lower than a person who doesn’t feel great love, gratitude and respect for his parents” an example of?

A

An F-scale item

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13
Q

Adorno found that people with _____________ ________ identified with ‘strong’ people

A

authoritarian leanings

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14
Q

Adorno found that people who scored high/low on the F-scale identified with ‘strong’ people

A

high

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15
Q

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored low on the F-scale identified with ‘weak’ people

A

False: ‘strong’ people

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16
Q

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored high on the F-scale were generally contemptuous of the ‘weak’

A

True

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17
Q

Adorno found that people with authoritarian leanings were very conscious of what?

A

Status

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18
Q

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored highly on the F-scale were very conscious of their own status, but not the status of others

A

False: their own and others

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19
Q

True/False: People with authoritarian leanings showed extreme respect, deference and servility to those of higher status

A

True

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20
Q

Showing extreme respect, deference and servility to those of higher status are traits of what?

A

Obedience

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21
Q

What is meant by ‘cognitive style’?

A

Way of perceiving others

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22
Q

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between what?

A

Categories of people

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23
Q

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between categories of people because…

A

they had fixed distinctive stereotypes about other groups

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24
Q

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between categories of people, also known as…

A

‘black and white’ thinking

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25
Q

There is a strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and p________

A

prejudice

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26
Q

Adorno argued that people with what type of personality show an extreme respect for and submissiveness to authority?

A

Authoritarian personality

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27
Q

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality show an extreme respect for and submissiveness to what?

A

authority

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28
Q

Adorno said that people with an authoritarian personality view society as weaker than it once was, so…

A

believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values such as love for country and family

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29
Q

Give an example of a traditional value that someone with an authoritarian personality may want enforced

A

Love for country/family

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30
Q

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality view society as ‘stronger’/’weaker’ than it once was

A

‘weaker’

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31
Q

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality view society as weaker than it once was, so we need what?

A

strong and powerful leaders

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32
Q

Adorno argued that characteristics make people with an authoritarian personality more/less likely to obey orders from a source of authority

A

more

33
Q

Adorno suggested that people with an authoritarian personality show what for those of inferior social status?

A

contempt

34
Q

Adorno suggested that people with an authoritarian personality showed contempt for those of inferior social status, fuelled by…

A

their inflexible outlook on the world

35
Q

Adorno argued that for people with an authoritarian personality, there are no ‘____ areas’ and everything is…

A

grey, either right or wrong and they are very uncomfortable with uncertainty

36
Q

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality are very uncomfortable with u__________

A

uncertainty

37
Q

Adorno said that people with an authoritarian personality believe people who are ‘other’ are…

A

responsible for the ills of society

38
Q

When Adorno refers to people who are ‘other’ in the views of someone with an authoritarian personality, who does he mean?

A

People who are different - for example belonging to a different ethnic group

39
Q

Adorno suggested that who are convenient targets for authoritarians blaming people for being responsible for the ills of society?

A

‘other’ such as people who belong to a different ethnic group

40
Q

Authoritarians are likely to obey orders from authority figures, even when…

A

orders are destructive, as in Nazi Germany

41
Q

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form at what stage of a person’s life?

A

Childhood

42
Q

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form mostly as a result of…

A

harsh parenting

43
Q

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form mostly as a result of harsh parenting, typically featuring…

A

extremely strict discipline

44
Q

Give 2 examples of extremely strict discipline within harsh parenting that Adorno suggested is likely to form an authoritarian personality

A

Any 2 from expectation of absolute loyalty, impossibly high standards and severe criticism of perceived failings

45
Q

“I will love you if…” is an example of what?

A

Conditional love

46
Q

Adorno suggested that harsh parenting is likely to form an authoritarian personality within a child, including parents giving conditional love. What does this mean?

A

Their love and affection for their child depends entirely on how he or she behaves. “I will love you if…”

47
Q

Adorno suggested that harsh parenting creates what in a child?

A

Resentment

48
Q

Although Adorno suggested that harsh parenting creates resentment in a child, the child cannot express these feelings directly against their parents because…

A

they feat punishment

49
Q

As a result of fear of punishment, how did Adorno suggest that children who are victims of harsh parenting and therefore develop an authoritarian personality express their feelings?

A

Their fears are displaced onto others who they perceive to be weaker - scapegoating

50
Q

Displacing your fears onto someone who you perceive to be weaker than you is a trait of an authoritarian personality. What is this called?

A

Scapegoating

51
Q

The fear of expressing feelings directly against your parents because of a fear of punishment and instead displacing them onto someone who you perceive as weaker explains authoritarian’s hatred towards…

A

people considered to be socially inferior or who belong to other social groups

52
Q

Hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior or who belong to other social groups is a central feature of…

A

obedience to a higher authority

53
Q

True/False: The fear of expressing feelings directly against your parents because of a fear of punishment and instead displacing them onto someone who you perceive as weaker explains authoritarian’s hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior. This is a humanistic explanation

A

False, a psychodynamic explanation

54
Q

True/False: Milgram’s evidence supports the Authoritarian Personality

A

True

55
Q

Milgram interviewed a small sample of __ people who had participated in the original obedience studies and been fully obedient

A

20

56
Q

Milgram interviewed a small sample of __ people who had participated in what?

A

The original obedience studies

57
Q

Milgram interviewed a small sample of 20 people who had participated in the original obedience studies and been…

A

fully obedient

58
Q

In Milgram’s interviews of a sample of people who had been fully obedient, he asked them to do what?

A

Complete the F-scale and other measures as part of the interview

59
Q

When Milgram interviewed people who were fully obedient and asked them to do the F-scale, he found that…

A

They scored significantly higher on the overall F-scale than a comparison group of 20 disobedient participants

60
Q

Milgram interviewed a group of 20 fully obedient participants and a group of 20 disobedient participants. The two groups were clearly quite similar/different in terms of authoritarianism

A

different

61
Q

Milgram’s interviews of 20 fully obedient and 20 disobedient participants in his study supports Adorno et al/’s view that…

A

obedient people may well show similar characteristics to people who have an authoritarian personality

62
Q

Researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale and found that obedient participants had a number of characteristics that were usual/unusual for authoritarians

A

unusual

63
Q

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram’s obedient participants generally did/didn’t glorify their fathers

A

didn’t

64
Q

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram’s obedient participants generally did/didn’t experience unusual levels of punishment in childhood

A

didn’t

65
Q

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram’s obedient participants generally did/didn’t have particularly hostile attitudes towards their mothers

A

didn’t

66
Q

The link between obedience and authoritarianism is simple/complex

A

complex

67
Q

When comparing Milgram’s obedient participants and authoritarians, the obedient participants were similar/dissimilar to authoritarians in so m any ways

A

dissimilar

68
Q

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, they found that obedient participants in Milgram’s study were unlike authoritarians in so many ways. This suggests that…

A

authoritarianism is unlikely to be a useful predictor of obedience

69
Q

The F-scale only measures the tendency towards an extreme form of what type of ideology?

A

Right-wing

70
Q

Researchers argued that the F-scale is a ___________-biased interpretation of authoritarian personality

A

politically

71
Q

How do researchers argue that the F-scale is a politically-biased interpretation of authoritarian personality?

A

They point out the reality of left-wing authoritarianism

72
Q

Why do extreme right-wing and left-wing ideologies have a lot in common?

A

Both emphasise the importance of complete obedience to political authority

73
Q

Why is Adorno’s theory not a comprehensive dispositional explanation?

A

It doesn’t account for obedience to authority across the whole political spectrum

74
Q

Authoritarian personality cannot explain obedient behaviour in the majority of…

A

a country’s population

75
Q

In pre-war Germany, millions of individuals displayed what despite the fact they must have differed in their personalities in all sorts of ways?

A

Obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour

76
Q

The fact that millions of individuals in pre-war Germany displayed obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour despite the fact that they must have different in their personalities in many ways suggests that it is extremely unlikely that…

A

they could all possess an Authoritarian Personality

77
Q

What is an alternative explanation to the reason why so many people in pre-war Germany displayed obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour?

A

The majority of German people identified with the anti-Semitic Nazi state and scapegoated the ‘outgroup’ of Jews - social identity theory approach

78
Q

The majority of German people identifying with the anti-Semitic Nazi state and scapegoating the ‘outgroup’ of Jews is an example of what?

A

Social identity theory approach

79
Q

Adorno’s theory is limited because an alternative explanation is…

A

much more realistic

Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence (6 decks)

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