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Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence > Minority Influence > Flashcards

Minority Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Minority influence refers to…

A

situations where one person or a small group of people (i.e. a minority) influences the beliefs and behaviour of other people

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2
Q

How is minority influence distinct from conformity?

A

Conformity is when the majority is doing the influencing

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3
Q

Conformity is sometimes called…

A

majority influence

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4
Q

True/False: In minority influence and conformity the people being influenced may just be one person, a small group or a large group of people

A

True

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5
Q

Minority influence is most likely to lead to what type of conformity?

A

Internalisation

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6
Q

Internalisation

A

Both public behaviour and private beliefs are changed in the process

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7
Q

What was the name of Moscovici’s study?

A

‘Blue slide, green slide’ study

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8
Q

True/False: Moscovici studied majority influence

A

False: Minority influence

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9
Q

In his study, Moscovici asked a group of how many people to view a set of 36 blue-coloured slides?

A

six

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10
Q

In Moscovici’s study, what were the group of six people asked to do?

A

View a set of 36 blue-coloured slides that varied in intensity and then state whether the slides were blue or green

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11
Q

In Moscovici’s study, participants were asked to view a set of how many blue-coloured slides that varied in intensity?

A

36

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12
Q

In the first two groups in Moscovici’s study there were how many confederates?

A

2

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13
Q

In Moscovici’s study, what did the confederates do in the first group?

A

Consistently said that the slides were green

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14
Q

In Moscovici’s study, true participants gave the same wrong answer (green) on 8.42% of the trials under which condition?

A

Group 1 - two confederates consistently said that the slides were green

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15
Q

In Moscovici’s study, why did participants say the slides were green on 8.42% of the trials when there were two confederates?

A

They agreed with the confederates

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16
Q

In Moscovici’s study, true participants gave the same wrong answer (green) on what percentage of the trials when there were two confederates who consistently said the slides were green?

A

8.42%

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17
Q

In Moscovici’s study, what was the difference between the confederates in the first group and second group?

A

The first group were a consistent minority and said the same wrong answer, whereas the second group were an inconsistent minority and said blue 1/3 of times

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18
Q

The second group in Moscovici’s study were exposed to a consistent/inconsistent minority

A

inconsistent minority

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19
Q

In Moscovici’s study, the second condition included confederates saying ‘blue’ __% of the time

A

33

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20
Q

When confederates in Moscovici’s study said blue 33% of the time and were an inconsistent minority, what did agreement with the answer ‘green’ fall to?

A

1.25%

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21
Q

In Moscovici’s study, true participants gave the same wrong answer (green) on 1.25% of the trials under which condition?

A

Group 2 - two confederates inconsistently said that the slides were green 2/3 of the time

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22
Q

What was different about the third group in Moscovici’s study?

A

There were no confederates

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23
Q

What was the effect of having no confederates in Moscovici’s study compared to the groups with confederates?

A

Participants got the answer wrong on just 0.25% of the trials

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24
Q

What did Moscovici’s study alongside other research draw attention to?

A

Three main processes in minority influence

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25
Q

What are the three main processes in minority influence?

A

Consistency, commitment and flexibility

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26
Q

Why must minorities be consistent in their views?

A

Over time, this consistency increases the amount of interest from other people

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27
Q

Synchronic consistency

A

Agreement between people in the minority group - everyone is saying the same thing

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28
Q

If there is agreement between people in a minority group and everyone is saying the same thing, what is this called?

A

Synchronic consistency

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29
Q

Diachronic consistency

A

Consistency over time - the minority have been saying the same thing for a long duration of time

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30
Q

If a minority have been consistent in what they are saying over a long time, what is this called?

A

Diachronic consistency

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31
Q

A consistent majority makes other people start to…

A

rethink their own views

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32
Q

‘Maybe they’ve got a point if they all think this way?’ is an example of a majority making other people start to rethink their own views through what?

A

Synchronic consistency

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33
Q

‘Maybe they’ve got a point if they have kept saying it?’ is an example of a majority making other people start to rethink their own views through what?

A

Diachronic consistency

34
Q

Give an example of research evidence demonstrating the importance of consistency

A

Moscovici et al.’s blue/green slide study

35
Q

What did Moscovici et al.’s blue/green slide study show about consistency?

A

A consistent minority opinion had a greater effect on changing the views of other people than an inconsistent opinion

36
Q

What did Wood et al. do in relation to Moscovici’s minority influence study?

A

Carried out a meta-analysis of almost 100 similar studies

37
Q

What did Wood et al. find when carrying out a meta-analysis of almost 100 similar studies to Moscovici’s?

A

Minorities who were seen as being consistent were most influential

38
Q

The fact that Wood et al. found that minorities who were seen as being consistent were most influential suggests that…

A

presenting a consistent view is a minimum requirement for a minority trying to influence majority

39
Q

One weakness of Moscovici et al.’s blue/green slide study is that it was just as __________ as Asch’s line judgement task

A

artificial

40
Q

The criticism that Moscovici et al.’s blue/green slide study is artificial means that research is therefore…

A

far removed from how minorities attempt to change the behaviour of majorities in real life

41
Q

In cases such as jury decision-making and political campaigning, the outcomes are vastly more/less important than demonstrated in Moscovici’s study

A

more

42
Q

In jury decision-making and political campaigning the outcomes are vastly more important than Moscovici’s blue/green slide study. This means findings of minority influence studies are…

A

lacking in external validity and are limited in what they can tell us about how minority influence works in real-world situations

43
Q

The criticism that Moscovici et al.’s blue/green slide study is artificial means that research is therefore lacking in what type of validity?

A

external

44
Q

What is the difference between Moscovici et al.’s study and cases such as jury decision-making and political campaigning?

A

The outcomes of jury decision-making and political campaigning are vastly more important - sometimes literally a matter of life or death

45
Q

Some minorities engage in quite extreme activities to draw attention to and show __________ to their views

A

commitment

46
Q

When minorities engage in extreme activities to draw attention to their views, what does carrying out extreme activities with some risk show?

A

Greater commitment

47
Q

If a minority engage in extreme activities that present risk to show greater commitment to their cause or views, the majority group are likely to pay more/less _________

A

more attention

48
Q

‘Wow, she must really believe in what she’s saying so perhaps I ought to consider her view’ is an example of what?

A

A minority showing commitment - augmentation principle

49
Q

Augmentation principle

A

A committed minority showing their commitment for example through risking themselves for their cause
having an effect on the majority - the majority value the importance of the cause as the minority are risking their lives for it.

50
Q

What did Nemeth argue in relation to minority influence?

A

Consistency is not the only important factor in minority influence because it can be off-putting

51
Q

Why did Nemeth argue that consistency is not the only important factor in minority influence?

A

It can be off-putting

52
Q

Nemeth argued that someone who is extremely consistent, who simply repeats the same old arguments and behaviours again may be seen as…

A

rigid, unbending and dogmatic

53
Q

Nemeth argued that consistency on its own is unlikely to gain many…

A

converts to the minority position

54
Q

Nemeth argued that members of the minority ned to be prepared to do what?

A

Adapt their point of view and accept reasonable and valid counterarguments

55
Q

Nemeth argued that the key to minority influence is to strike a balance between what?

A

Consistency and flexibility

56
Q

Consistency, commitment and flexibility all make people think about what?

A

The minority’s view or cause

57
Q

Hearing something you already agree with usually/doesn’t usually make you stop and think

A

doesn’t usually

58
Q

If you hear something new, you may think more deeply about it, especially if the source of the other view is…

A

consistent, committed and flexible

59
Q

If you hear something new, you may think more deeply about it. It is this deeper processing which is important in…

A

the process of conversion to a different, minority viewpoint

60
Q

The more that increasing numbers of people switch from the majority position to the minority position, the faster the rate of…

A

conversion

61
Q

If someone switches from the majority position to the minority position, they have become what?

A

converted

62
Q

Snowball effect

A

Over time increasing numbers of people switching from the majority position to the minority position. Gradually the minodity view has become the majority view and change has occurred

63
Q

If the minority view gradually becomes the majority view and change occurs, what is this called?

A

The snowball effect

64
Q

Who carried out research and found evidence showing that a change in the majority’s position does involve deeper processing of the minority’s ideas?

A

Martin et al.

65
Q

What did Martin et al. do?

A

Present a message supporting a particular viewpoint and measured participants’ agreement

66
Q

Martin et al. presented a message supporting a particular viewpoint and measured what?

A

Participant’s agreement

67
Q

In Martin et al.’s study, what was the difference between the two groups?

A

One group of participants heard a minority group agree with the initial view, while another group heard a majority group agree with it

68
Q

After participants in Martin et al.’s study had heard the minority or majority group agree with the initial view, they were finally exposed to…

A

a conflicting view

69
Q

After participants in Martin et al.’s study had heard the minority or majority group agree with the initial view, they were finally exposed to a conflicting view and…

A

attitudes were measured again

70
Q

What did Martin et al. find?

A

People were less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to a minority group than if they had listened to a majority group

71
Q

Martin et al. found that people were less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to which type of group compared to the other?

A

Minority

72
Q

Martin et al.’s findings suggest that…

A

the minority message had been more deeply processed and had a more enduring effect, supporting the central argument about how minority works

73
Q

Martin et al.’s findings support the central argument about…

A

how minority works

74
Q

Martin et al.’s research makes clear distinctions between,,,

A

the majority and the minority

75
Q

The fact that Martin et al.’s experiment was done in a controlled way is a strength/weakness of minority influence research

A

strength

76
Q

One criticism of Martin et al.’s study is that real-world social influence situations are much more ___________

A

complicated

77
Q

Minorities/majorities usually have a lot more power and status that majorities/minorities

A

Majorities, minorities

78
Q

Why do minorities have to be very committed to their causes?

A

They have to be because they often face very hostile opposition

79
Q

Factors such as majorities having a lot more power and being hostile towards minorities are usually present/absent in minority influence research

A

absent

80
Q

How are factors such as majorities having a lot more power and being hostile towards minorities usually absent in minority influence research?

A

The minority is simply the smallest group

81
Q

Why is the absence of factors such as majorities having a lot more power and being hostile towards minorities a limitation of Martin et al.’s findings?

A

Martin et al.’s findings are very limited about what they can tell us about minority influence in real-world situations

Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence (6 decks)

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