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Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence > Obedience: Situational Variables > Flashcards

Obedience: Situational Variables Flashcards

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1
Q

After Milgram conducted his first study on obedience, he carried out a large number of what?

A

variations

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2
Q

Why did Milgram carry out a large number of variations?

A

In order to consider the situational variables that might lead to more or less obedience

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3
Q

True/False: In Milgram’s baseline study, the Teacher could hear and see the learner

A

False: The Teacher could hear the learner but not see him

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4
Q

What was the proximity variation of Milgram’s study?

A

The teacher and learner were in the same room

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5
Q

In Milgram’s proximity variation, the obedience rate increased/decreased

A

decreased

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6
Q

In Milgram’s proximity variation, the obedience rate dropped from 65% to __%

A

40

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7
Q

What was Milgram’s touch proximity variation?

A

The teacher had to force the Learner’s hand onto an ‘electroshock plate’ if he refused to place it there himsefl after giving a wrong answer

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8
Q

What was the effect on the obedience rate in Milgram’s touch proximity variation?

A

It dropped further to 30%

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9
Q

What was Milgram’s remote instruction variation?

A

The Experimenter left the room and gave instructions to the Teacher by telephone

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10
Q

What was the effect on the obedience rate in Milgram’s remote instruction variation?

A

Obedience reduced to 20.5% and participants also frequently pretended to give shocks

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11
Q

True/False: In Milgram’s remote instruction variation, participants frequently pretended to give shocks

A

True

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12
Q

Decreased proximity in Milgram’s experiment allowed people to…

A

psychologically distance themselves from the consequences of their actions

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13
Q

When the Teacher and Learner in Milgram’s baseline study were physically separated, the Teacher…

A

was less aware of the harm they were causing to another person so they were more obedient

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14
Q

What did Milgram do in his location variation?

A

Conducted a variation in a run-down office block rather than in the previous Yale University setting of the baseline study

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15
Q

Where did Milgram’s baseline study occur?

A

Yale University

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16
Q

In Milgram’s location variation, obedience fell to __._%

A

47.5

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17
Q

In Milgram’s location variation, why did obedience fall to 47.5%?

A

The previous university environment gave Milgram’s study legitimacy and authority

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18
Q

In Milgram’s experiment, why were participants more obedient in the Yale University setting?

A

They perceived that the Experimenter and study had legitimacy and authority, and that obedience was expected

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19
Q

True/False: In Milgram’s location variation, obedience was still quite high in the office block because the participants perceived the ‘scientific’ nature of the procedure

A

True

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20
Q

In Milgram’s baseline study, the Experimenter wore…

A

a grey lab coat as a symbol of his authority

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21
Q

What happened in Milgram’s uniform variation?

A

The Experimenter was called away because of an inconvenient telephone call at the start of the procedure. The role of the Experimenter was taken over by an ‘ordinary member of the public’ (a confederate) in everyday clothes rather than a lab coat

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22
Q

In Milgram’s uniform variation, why did the original Experimenter leave?

A

Was called away because of an inconvenient phone call at the start of the procedure

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23
Q

In Milgram’s uniform variation, who took over the role of the Experimenter?

A

An ‘ordinary member of the public’ (a confederate) in everyday clothes rather than a lab coat

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24
Q

In Milgram’s uniform variation, the obedience rate dropped to __%, the lowest of these variations

A

20

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25
Q

Which of Milgram’s variations led to the lowest obedience rate? What was the obedience rate of this variation?

A

Uniform, 20%

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26
Q

Why do uniforms encourage obedience?

A

They are widely recognised symbols of authority

27
Q

Why do we accept that someone in a uniform is entitled to expect obedience?

A

Their authority is legitimate (i.e. it is granted by society)

28
Q

Someone without a uniform has less/more right to expect our obedience

A

less

29
Q

What were Milgram’s three situational variables?

A

Proximity, location and uniform

30
Q

One strength/weakness of Milgram’s experiment is that other studies have demonstrated the influence of situational variables on obedience

A

strength

31
Q

What type of experiment was Bickman’s obedience study in New York City?

A

Field

32
Q

Where did Bickman carry out his obedience study?

A

New York City

33
Q

In Bickman’s obedience study, what was different about his three confederates?

A

They dressed in different outfits

34
Q

What were the three outfits worn in Bickman’s obedience study?

A

A jacket and a tie, a milkman’s outfit and a security guard’s uniform

35
Q

What did the confederates in Bickman’s obedience study do?

A

Individually stand in the street and ask passers by to perform tasks such as picking up litter or handing over a coin for the parking meter

36
Q

In Bickman’s obedience study, confederates individually stood in the street and asked passers by to…

A

perform tasks such as picking up litter or handing over a coin for the parking meter

37
Q

Give an example of a task that confederates asked passers by to perform in Bickman’s obedience study

A

Picking up litter or handing over a coin for the parking meter

38
Q

What were Bickman’s findings from his obedience study?

A

People were twice as likely to obey the assistant dressed as a security guard than one dressed in a jacket and tie

39
Q

In Bickman’s obedience study, people were _x as likely to obey the assistant dressed as a security guard than the one in…

A

2x, a jacket and tie

40
Q

Bickman’s findings from his obedience study support/oppose the view that a situational variable, such as uniform…

A

support, does have a powerful effect on obedience

41
Q

True/False: One strength of Milgram’s research is that his findings have been replicated in other cultures

A

True

42
Q

What did Meeus and Raaijmakers do?

A

Used a more realistic procedure than Milgram’s to stodu obedience in Dutch participants

43
Q

What did Meeus and Raaijmakers order participants to do in their study of obedience?

A

Say stressful things in an interview to someone (a confederate) desperate for a job

44
Q

True/False: In Meeus and Raaijmakers’ study, the people desperate for a job were randomly selected from the street

A

False, they were confederates

45
Q

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that __% of participants obeyed and said stressful things to a confederate desperate for a job

A

90%

46
Q

What did Meeus and Raaijmakers find regarding proximity?

A

When the person giving the orders was not present, obedience decreased dramatically

47
Q

What does Meeus and Raaijmakers’ study suggest about the generalisability of Milgram’s findings?

A

Milgram’s findings are not just limited to Americans or men, but are valid across cultures and apply to women too

48
Q

Replications of Milgram’s research are/are not very cross-cultural

A

are not

49
Q

Smith and Bond identified ___ replications between 1968 and 85 that took place where?

A

two, India and Jordan

50
Q

What is the significance of replications of Milgram’s experiment being conducted in India and Jordan?

A

They are both culturally quite different from the US

51
Q

What’s the problem with replications of Milgram’s experiment being conducted in countries such as Spain, Australia and Scotland?

A

They are culturally quite similar to the US, e.g. they have similar notions about the role of authority

52
Q

The lack of cross-cultural replications of Milgram’s experiment suggests that…

A

it may not be appropriate to conclude that Milgram’s findings (including those about proximity, location and uniform) apply to people in all or most cultures

53
Q

What was Orne and Holland’s criticism of Milgram’s baseline study?

A

They suggested that participants may have been aware the procedure was faked

54
Q

Orne and Holland pointed out that participants in Milgram’s experiment were more/less likely to have been aware that the procedure was faked in his variations

A

more

55
Q

Why did Orne and Holland suggest that participants were more likely to have been aware that Migram’s procedure was faked in the variations compared to the baseline study?

A

Extra manipulation of variables

56
Q

In the variation where the experimenter is replaced by a ‘member of the public’, even Milgram recognised that…

A

this situation was so contrived that some participants may have worked out the truth

57
Q

In all of Milgram’s studies it is unclear whether the findings are genuinely due to the operation of obedience or because the participants…

A

saw through the deception and just ‘play-acted’ and responded to demand characteristics

58
Q

If Milgram’s participants were aware of the deception going on and just ‘play-acted’, what did they do?

A

Respond to demand characteristics

59
Q

Milgram’s research findings support/oppose a situational explanation of obedience

A

support

60
Q

What was Mandel’s criticism of Milgram’s perspective?

A

He argued that it offers an excuse or ‘alibi’ for evil behaviour

61
Q

Why did Mandel argue that Milgram’s perspective offers an excuse of ‘alibi’ for evil behaviour?

A

In his view, it is offensive to survivors of the Holocaust to suggest that the Nazis were simply obeying orders

62
Q

True/False: Milgram’s explanation for obedience ignores the role of dispositional factors

A

True

63
Q

True/False: personality is a situational variable in Milgram’s experiment

A

False: dispositional factor

64
Q

Mandel argued that Milgram’s conclusions implied that Nazis were…

A

victims of situational factors beyond their control

Psychology - IN FOCUS Social Influence (6 decks)

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