RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION II: IMMUNITY AND ALLERGY

Question 1

The ability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

A mucolytic polysaccharide that attacks bacteria and causes them to dissolute

Answer 2

Lysozyme

Question 3

React with and inactivate certain types of gram-positive bacteria

Answer 3

Basic polypeptides

Question 4

A system of about 20 proteins that can be activated in various ways to destroy bacteria

Answer 4

Complement complex

Question 5

Can recognize and destroy foreign cells, tumor cells, and even some infected cells

Answer 5

Natural killer lymphocytes

Question 6

The ability of the body to develop extremely powerful specific immunity against individual invading agents

Answer 6

Acquired/adaptive immunity

Question 7

Cause by a special immune system that forms antibodies and or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy specific invading organism or toxin

Answer 7

Adaptive immunity

Question 8

Types of acquired immunity

Answer 8

1. Humoral/B-cell immunity
2. Cell-mediated/T cell immunity

Question 9

Proteins or large polysaccharides that initiate the acquired immunity

Answer 9

Antigens

Question 10

The process of antigenicity usually depends on regularly recurring molecular groups called

Answer 10

Epitopes

Question 11

They are responsible for acquired immunity

Answer 11

Lymphocytes

Question 12

Promote cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Answer 12

T and B lymphocytes

Question 13

Both T and B lymphocytes are derived originally in the embryo from ___ that form common lymphoid progenitor cells

Answer 13

Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 14

T lymphocytes first migrate to and are preprocessed in the ___

Answer 14

thymus gland

Question 15

They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Answer 15

T lymphocytes

Question 16

B lymphocytes are destined to form __

Answer 16

Antibodies

Question 17

B lymphocytes are preprocessed in the ___ during mid-fetal life and in the ___ in late fetal life and after birth

Answer 17

Liver
Bone marrow

Question 18

These lymphocytes are called B lymphocytes to designate the role of the __

Answer 18

Bursa

Question 19

All lymphocytes in the body originate from

Answer 19

Lymphocyte-committed stem cells

Question 20

These stem cells are incapable of forming activated T lymphocytes or antibodies directly

Answer 20

Lymphocye committed stem cells

Question 21

B lymphocytes actively secrete __ that are reactive agents

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

All the different lymphocytes that are capable to forming one specific antibody ot T cell are called

Answer 22

Clone of lymphocytes

Question 23

Macrophages secrete a special activating substance called ___ that promotes still further growth and reproduction of the specific lymphocytes

Answer 23

Interleukin-1

Question 24

T-helper cells secrete specific substances called ___ that activate the specific B lymphocytes

Answer 24

Lymphokines

Question 25

The B lymphocytes specific for the antigen immediately enlarge and take on the appearance of ___

Answer 25

Lymphoblasts

Question 26

Precursors of plasma cells

Answer 26

Plasmablasts

Question 27

Antibodies are gamma globulins called

Answer 27

Immunoglobulins (Igs)

Question 28

All the immunoglobulins are composed of combinations of __ and ___

Answer 28

Light and heavy polypeptide chains

Question 29

This is the portion of the igG antibody that attaches specifically to a particular type of antigen

Answer 29

Variable portion

Question 30

Portion of the antibody that determines its biological properties

Answer 30

Constant portion

Question 31

A measure of how tightly the antibody binds with the antigen

Answer 31

Affinity constant

Question 32

5 general classes of antibodies

Answer 32

IgM IgG IgA IgD IgE

Question 33

A bivalent antibody and constitutes about 75% of the antibodies of the normal person

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

Involved in allergies

Answer 34

IgE

Question 35

Antibodies act mainly in 2 ways to protect the body against invading agents

Answer 35

1. Direct attack on the invader 2. Activation of the complement system

Question 36

The antibodies can inactivate the invading agent in several ways:

Answer 36

1. Agglutination 2. Precipitation 3. Neutralization 4. Lysis

Question 37

When multiple large particles with antigens on their surfaces are bound together into a clump

Answer 37

Agglutination

Question 38

When the molecular complex of soluble antigen and antibody becomes so large that it is rendered insoluble and precipitates

Answer 38

Precipitation

Question 39

When antibodies cover the toxic sited of antigenic agent

Answer 39

Neutralization

Question 40

When some potent antibodies are occasionally capable of directly attacking membranes of cellular agents and thereby cause rupture of the agent

Answer 40

Lysis

Question 41

Main function of the complement system

Answer 41

To enhance the actions of antibodies and phagocytic cells in neutraluzing and destroying pathogens Removing damaged cells from the body Promoting inflammation

Question 42

A collective term that describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors

Answer 42

Complement

Question 43

The enzyme precursors are normally inactive but can be activated by the so called __

Answer 43

Classical pathway

Question 44

T lymphocytes respond to antigens only when they are bound to specific molecules called ___ on the surface of ___ in the lymphoid tissues.

Answer 44

MHC proteins Antigen-presenting cells

Question 45

3 major types of antigen-presenting cells

Answer 45

Macrophages B lymphocytes Dendritic cells

Question 46

The most potent of the antigen-presenting cells, their main function is to present antigens to T cells

Answer 46

Dendritic cells

Question 47

The MHC proteins are encoded by a large group of genes called

Answer 47

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 48

2 types of MHC proteins

Answer 48

MHC I MHC II

Question 49

MHC proteins which present antigens to cytotoxic T cells

Answer 49

MHC I

Question 50

MHC proteins which present antigens to T helper cells

Answer 50

MHC II

Question 51

Types of T cells

Answer 51

T-helper cells Cytotoxic T cells Regulatory T cells

Question 52

The most numerous of the T cells

Answer 52

T helper cells

Question 53

T helper cells produce ___, that act on other cells of the immune system as well as on bone marrow cells

Answer 53

Lymphokines

Question 54

This lymphokine has an especially strong stimulatory effrct in causing growth and proliferation of cytotoxic and regulatory t cell

Answer 54

Interleukin-2

Question 55

B-cell stimulating factors

Answer 55

Interleukin 4, 5, 6

Question 56

A direct attack cell that is capable of killing microorganisms

Answer 56

Cytotoxic T cell

Question 57

Capable of suppressing the functions pf both cytotoxic and T helper cells

Answer 57

Regulatory T cells

Question 58

The ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissues

Answer 58

Immune tolerance

Question 59

The body becomes immunized against tissues in the joints and heart after exposure to a specific type of streptococcal toxin that has an epitope in its molecular structure similar to the structure of some of the body’s own self antigens

Answer 59

Rheumatic fever

Question 60

The person becomes immunized against the basement membranes of glomeruli

Answer 60

Glomerulonephritis

Question 61

Immunity develops against the acetylcholine receptor proteins of the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis

Answer 61

Myasthenia gravis

Question 62

The immune system attacks the myelin that covers nerve fibers

Answer 62

Multiple sclerosis

Question 63

The personbexomes immunized against many different body tissues at the same time

Answer 63

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 64

A widespread allergic reaction

Answer 64

Anaphylaxis

Question 65

Localized anaphylactoid reactions

Answer 65

Urticaria

Question 66

In ___, the allergaen-reagin reaction occurs in the nose

Answer 66

Hay fever

Question 67

Often occurs in hypersensitive allergic person

Answer 67

Asthma