RED BLOOD CELLS, ANEMIA, AND POLYCYTHEMIA

Question 1

RBCs are also known as

Answer 1

erythrocytes

Question 2

major function of RBCS

Answer 2

to transport hemoglobin

Question 3

carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Answer 3

hemoglobin

Question 4

an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water

Answer 4

carbonic anhydrase

Question 5

normal RBCs are ___ discs

Answer 5

biconcave

Question 6

average volume of RBC

Answer 6

90-95 cubic micrometers

Question 7

RBCs can concentrate hemoglobin in the cell fluid up to about ___ of cells

Answer 7

34g/100 ml

Question 8

in the early weeks of embryonic life, primitive nucleated RBCs are produced in the ___

Answer 8

yolk sac

Question 9

during the middle trimester of gestation, the __ is the main organ for RBC production

Answer 9

liver

Question 10

during the last month or so of gestation after birth, RBCs are produced exclusively in the ___

Answer 10

bone marrow

Question 11

all bones produces RBCs until a person is about __ years old

Answer 11

5

Question 12

the blood cells begin their lives in the bone marrow from a single type of cell called the ___

Answer 12

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell

Question 13

the intermediate stage cells are very much like the multipotential stem cells, these are called ___

Answer 13

committed stem cells

Question 14

a committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes is called a ___

Answer 14

colony forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E)

Question 15

growth and reproduction of the different stem cells are controlled by multiple proteins called ___

Answer 15

growth inducers

Question 16

promotes growth and reproduction of virtually all the diff types of committed stem cells

Answer 16

interleukin-3

Question 17

T/F: the growth inducers promote growth, but not differentiation of cells

Answer 17

true

Question 18

causes one type of committed stem cell to differentiate into one or more steps toward a final adult blood cell

Answer 18

differentiation inducers

Question 19

first generation cells of RBC is are called

Answer 19

basophil erythroblasts

Question 20

hemoglobin first appears in ___

Answer 20

polychromatophil erythroblasts

Question 21

during the reticulocyte stage, the cells pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries by ____

Answer 21

diapedesis

Question 22

regulates rbc production

Answer 22

erythropoietin

Question 23

factors that decrease oxygenation

Answer 23

low blood volume
anemia
low hemoglobin
poor blood flow
pulmonary disease

Question 24

conditions that decrease the quantity of oxygen transported to the tissues ordinarily ___ the rate of RBC production

Answer 24

increase

Question 25

at high altitudes, RBC production is ___

Answer 25

increased

Question 26

increases formation of erythropoietin, which stimulates rbc production

Answer 26

hypoxia

Question 27

erythropoietin is formed mainly in the ___

Answer 27

kidneys

Question 28

about __% of all erythropoietin is formed in the ___, and the remainder is formed mainly in the ___

Answer 28

90% kidneys liver

Question 29

renal tissue hypoxia leads to increased tissue levels of ___

Answer 29

hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)

Question 30

Serves as a transcription factor for a large number of hypoxia-inducible genes

Answer 30

HIF-1

Question 31

erythropoietin stimulates production of ____ from hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 31

proerythroblasts

Question 32

maturation of RBCs requires vitamin __ and ___

Answer 32

B12 folic acid

Question 33

among the most rapidly growing and reproducing cells in the entire body

Answer 33

erythropoietic cells

Question 34

required for the formation of thymidine phosphate

Answer 34

vit b12 and folic acid

Question 35

larger than normal RBCs are called

Answer 35

macrocytes

Question 36

maturation failure anemia caused by poor absorption of vit b12 from the gastrointestinal tract causes

Answer 36

pernicious anemia

Question 37

the parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete a glycoprotein called ___

Answer 37

intrinsic factor

Question 38

having serious difficulty absorbing both folic acid and vit b12

Answer 38

sprue

Question 39

synthesis of hemoglobin begins in the ___

Answer 39

polychromatophil erythroblasts

Question 40

succiyl-CoA binds with glycine to form

Answer 40

pyrrole

Question 41

4 pyrroles combine to form __

Answer 41

protoporphyrin IX

Question 42

A combination of 2 alpha chains and two beta chains

Answer 42

hemoglobin A

Question 43

hemoglobin A has a molecular weight og

Answer 43

64458

Question 44

in sicke cell anemia, the amino acid valine is substituted for ___ at one point in each of the 2 beta chains

Answer 44

glutamic acid

Question 45

most important feature of hemoglobin

Answer 45

ability to combine loosely and reversibly with oxygen

Question 46

when iron is absorbed in the small intestine, it immediately combines in the blood plasma with ____ to form ____

Answer 46

apotransferrin transferrin

Question 47

in the cell cytoplasm, iron combines with ___ to form ____

Answer 47

apoferritin ferritin

Question 48

iron stored as ferritin is called

Answer 48

storage iron

Question 49

smaller quantities of iron in the storage pool in an extremely insoluble form called ___

Answer 49

hemosiderin

Question 50

unique characteristic of tranferrin

Answer 50

binds strongly with receptors in the cell membranes of erythroblasts in the bone marrow

Question 51

where heme is synthesized

Answer 51

mitochondria

Question 52

result of inadequate amounts of transferrin in the blood

Answer 52

hypochromic anemia

Question 53

life span of RBCs

Answer 53

120 days

Question 54

mature RBCs have ___ that are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming small amounts of adenosine triphosphate

Answer 54

cytoplasmic enzymes

Question 55

many of the RBCs self-destruct in the

Answer 55

spleen

Question 56

RBCs burst and release their

Answer 56

hemoglobin

Question 57

deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 57

anemia

Question 58

is the type of anemia in which the circulating RBCs are smaller than the usual size of RBCs

Answer 58

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Question 59

result of bone marrow dysfunction

Answer 59

aplastic anemia

Question 60

when RBCs grow too large

Answer 60

megaloblasts

Question 61

a condition wherein the RBCs are very small and spherical rather than being biconcave discs

Answer 61

hereditary spherocytosis

Question 62

in sickle cell anemia, the cells have an abnormal type of hemoglobin called ___

Answer 62

hemoglobin S

Question 63

in ____, Rh-positive RBCs in the fetus are attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother

Answer 63

erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 64

major effects of anemia

Answer 64

increased cardiac output increased pumping workload on the heart

Question 65

when the blood forming organs automatically produce large quantities of extra RBCs

Answer 65

secondary polycythemia

Question 66

caused by a genetic aberration in the hemocytoblastic cells that produce blood cells

Answer 66

polycthemia vera (erythremia)