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PHYSIO LEC > RED BLOOD CELLS, ANEMIA, AND POLYCYTHEMIA > Flashcards

RED BLOOD CELLS, ANEMIA, AND POLYCYTHEMIA Flashcards

1
Q

RBCs are also known as

A

erythrocytes

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2
Q

major function of RBCS

A

to transport hemoglobin

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3
Q

carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

A

hemoglobin

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4
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water

A

carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

normal RBCs are ___ discs

A

biconcave

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6
Q

average volume of RBC

A

90-95 cubic micrometers

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7
Q

RBCs can concentrate hemoglobin in the cell fluid up to about ___ of cells

A

34g/100 ml

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8
Q

in the early weeks of embryonic life, primitive nucleated RBCs are produced in the ___

A

yolk sac

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9
Q

during the middle trimester of gestation, the __ is the main organ for RBC production

A

liver

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10
Q

during the last month or so of gestation after birth, RBCs are produced exclusively in the ___

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

all bones produces RBCs until a person is about __ years old

A

5

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12
Q

the blood cells begin their lives in the bone marrow from a single type of cell called the ___

A

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell

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13
Q

the intermediate stage cells are very much like the multipotential stem cells, these are called ___

A

committed stem cells

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14
Q

a committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes is called a ___

A

colony forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E)

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15
Q

growth and reproduction of the different stem cells are controlled by multiple proteins called ___

A

growth inducers

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16
Q

promotes growth and reproduction of virtually all the diff types of committed stem cells

A

interleukin-3

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17
Q

T/F: the growth inducers promote growth, but not differentiation of cells

A

true

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18
Q

causes one type of committed stem cell to differentiate into one or more steps toward a final adult blood cell

A

differentiation inducers

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19
Q

first generation cells of RBC is are called

A

basophil erythroblasts

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20
Q

hemoglobin first appears in ___

A

polychromatophil erythroblasts

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21
Q

during the reticulocyte stage, the cells pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries by ____

A

diapedesis

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22
Q

regulates rbc production

A

erythropoietin

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23
Q

factors that decrease oxygenation

A

low blood volume
anemia
low hemoglobin
poor blood flow
pulmonary disease

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24
Q

conditions that decrease the quantity of oxygen transported to the tissues ordinarily ___ the rate of RBC production

A

increase

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25
Q

at high altitudes, RBC production is ___

A

increased

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26
Q

increases formation of erythropoietin, which stimulates rbc production

A

hypoxia

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27
Q

erythropoietin is formed mainly in the ___

A

kidneys

28
Q

about __% of all erythropoietin is formed in the ___, and the remainder is formed mainly in the ___

A

90%
kidneys
liver

29
Q

renal tissue hypoxia leads to increased tissue levels of ___

A

hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)

30
Q

Serves as a transcription factor for a large number of hypoxia-inducible genes

A

HIF-1

31
Q

erythropoietin stimulates production of ____ from hematopoietic stem cells

A

proerythroblasts

32
Q

maturation of RBCs requires vitamin __ and ___

A

B12
folic acid

33
Q

among the most rapidly growing and reproducing cells in the entire body

A

erythropoietic cells

34
Q

required for the formation of thymidine phosphate

A

vit b12 and folic acid

35
Q

larger than normal RBCs are called

A

macrocytes

36
Q

maturation failure anemia caused by poor absorption of vit b12 from the gastrointestinal tract causes

A

pernicious anemia

37
Q

the parietal cells of the gastric glands secrete a glycoprotein called ___

A

intrinsic factor

38
Q

having serious difficulty absorbing both folic acid and vit b12

A

sprue

39
Q

synthesis of hemoglobin begins in the ___

A

polychromatophil erythroblasts

40
Q

succiyl-CoA binds with glycine to form

A

pyrrole

41
Q

4 pyrroles combine to form __

A

protoporphyrin IX

42
Q

A combination of 2 alpha chains and two beta chains

A

hemoglobin A

43
Q

hemoglobin A has a molecular weight og

A

64458

44
Q

in sicke cell anemia, the amino acid valine is substituted for ___ at one point in each of the 2 beta chains

A

glutamic acid

45
Q

most important feature of hemoglobin

A

ability to combine loosely and reversibly with oxygen

46
Q

when iron is absorbed in the small intestine, it immediately combines in the blood plasma with ____ to form ____

A

apotransferrin
transferrin

47
Q

in the cell cytoplasm, iron combines with ___ to form ____

A

apoferritin
ferritin

48
Q

iron stored as ferritin is called

A

storage iron

49
Q

smaller quantities of iron in the storage pool in an extremely insoluble form called ___

A

hemosiderin

50
Q

unique characteristic of tranferrin

A

binds strongly with receptors in the cell membranes of erythroblasts in the bone marrow

51
Q

where heme is synthesized

A

mitochondria

52
Q

result of inadequate amounts of transferrin in the blood

A

hypochromic anemia

53
Q

life span of RBCs

A

120 days

54
Q

mature RBCs have ___ that are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming small amounts of adenosine triphosphate

A

cytoplasmic enzymes

55
Q

many of the RBCs self-destruct in the

A

spleen

56
Q

RBCs burst and release their

A

hemoglobin

57
Q

deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood

A

anemia

58
Q

is the type of anemia in which the circulating RBCs are smaller than the usual size of RBCs

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia

59
Q

result of bone marrow dysfunction

A

aplastic anemia

60
Q

when RBCs grow too large

A

megaloblasts

61
Q

a condition wherein the RBCs are very small and spherical rather than being biconcave discs

A

hereditary spherocytosis

62
Q

in sickle cell anemia, the cells have an abnormal type of hemoglobin called ___

A

hemoglobin S

63
Q

in ____, Rh-positive RBCs in the fetus are attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

64
Q

major effects of anemia

A

increased cardiac output
increased pumping workload on the heart

65
Q

when the blood forming organs automatically produce large quantities of extra RBCs

A

secondary polycythemia

66
Q

caused by a genetic aberration in the hemocytoblastic cells that produce blood cells

A

polycthemia vera (erythremia)

PHYSIO LEC (7 decks)

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