RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO INFECTION: I

Question 1

Mobile units of the body’s protective system

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Leukocytes are formed partially in the

Answer 2

Bone marrow
Lymph tissue

Question 3

Types of White Blood Cells

Answer 3

1. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear)
2. Eosinophils (polymorphonuclear)
3. Basophils (polymorphonuclear)
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes
6. Plasma Cells

Question 4

fragments of another type of cell similar to the WBCs found in the bone marrow, the megakaryocyte

Answer 4

platelets

Question 5

types of granulocytes

Answer 5

1. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear)
2. Eosinophils (polymorphonuclear)
3. Basophils (polymorphonuclear)

Question 6

Granulocytes and monocytes protect the body against invading organisms by:

Answer 6

Phagocytosis

Question 7

function to activate the blood clotting mechanism

Answer 7

Platelets

Question 8

An adult human has about ___ WBCs per microliter of blood.

Answer 8

7000

Question 9

Two major lineages of WBCs:

Answer 9

• Myelocytic Lineage
• Lymphocytic Lineage

Question 10

Myelocytic Lineage begin with ___

Answer 10

myeloblast

Question 11

Lymphocytic Lineage begin with ____.

Answer 11

lymphoblast

Question 12

Granulocytes and monocytes are formed in the ____

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced mainly in the various ____

Answer 13

lymphogenous tissues

Question 14

Life of the granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow is normally

Answer 14

4 to 8 hours circulating in the blood
Another 4 to 5 days in the tissues where they are needed

Question 15

life span of monocytes

Answer 15

10 to 20 hours in the blood

Question 16

Monocytes, once in the tissues, swell to much larger sizes to become tissue ____

Answer 16

macrophages

Question 17

Platelets are replaced about once every __ days

Answer 17

10

Question 18

Tissue Macrophages begin life as blood ____

Answer 18

monocytes

Question 18

Tissue Macrophages begin life as blood ____

Answer 18

monocytes

Question 19

Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through gaps
between endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and
postcapillary venules by ___

Answer 19

diapedesis

Question 20

Both neutrophils and macrophages can move through the tissues by ___ motion

Answer 20

ameboid

Question 21

Many different chemical substances in the tissues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical. This phenomenon is known as ___

Answer 21

chemotaxis

Question 22

Chemotaxis depends on the ___ of the chemotactic substance

Answer 22

concentration gradient

Question 23

It is a major function of the neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 23

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Question 24

Cellular ingestion of the offending agent

Answer 24

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Question 24

process whereby a pathogen is selected for phagocytosis and destruction

Answer 24

Opsonization

Question 25

A single neutrophil can usually phagocytize ___ bacteria before the neutrophil becomes inactivated and dies.

Answer 25

3 to 20

Question 26

They have the ability to engulf much larger particles such as whole RBCs and malarial parasites

Answer 26

Macrophages

Question 27

Dumping many digestive enzymes and bactericidal agents into the vesicle — phagocytic vesicle becomes ____

Answer 27

digestive vesicle

Question 28

Both neutrophils and macrophages contain an abundance of lysosomes filled with ___

Answer 28

proteolytic enzymes

Question 29

digest the thick lipid membranes possessed by some bacteria such as tuberculosis bacillus (in lysosomes of macrophages)

Answer 29

lipases

Question 30

Much of the killing effect results from several powerful oxidizing agents formed by enzymes in the membrane of the phagosome or by a special organelle called the ___

Answer 30

peroxisome

Question 31

___ are important because some bacteria have protective coats or other factors that prevent their destruction by digestive enzymes.

Answer 31

Bactericidal agents

Question 32

total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

Answer 32

Reticuloendothelial System

Question 33

Reticuloendothelial system is almost synonymous with the ___ system

Answer 33

monocyte-macrophage

Question 34

Tissue Macrophages in Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

Answer 34

Histiocytes

Question 35

They phagocytize particles that become entrapped in the alveoli

Answer 35

Alveolar Macrophages

Question 36

macrophages in the liver

Answer 36

kupffer cells

Question 37

Sinusoids are lined with tissue macrophages called

Answer 37

kupffer cells

Question 37

Spleen is similar to the lymph nodes, except that ____, instead of lymph, flows through the tissue spaces of the spleen

Answer 37

blood

Question 38

Inflammation is characterized by:

Answer 38

1. Vasodilation of the local blood vessels 2. Increased permeability of the capillaries 3. Clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces 4. Migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue 5. Swelling of the tissue cells

Question 39

Tissue products that cause inflammation:

Answer 39

* Histamine * Bradykinin * Serotonin * Prostaglandins * Reaction products of the complement system * Reaction products of the blood clotting system * Lymphokines

Question 40

____ blocks the inflamed area of the tissue spaces and the lymphatics

Answer 40

Fibrinogen clots

Question 41

___invades tissues and release extremely lethal cellular toxins

Answer 41

Staphylococci

Question 42

have a far greater tendency to spread through the body and cause death compared to staphylococci

Answer 42

Streptococci

Question 43

Provide First Line of Defense Against Infection

Answer 43

Tissue Macrophages

Question 44

macrophages in brain

Answer 44

microglia

Question 45

Second Line of Defense

Answer 45

Neutrophil Invasion of the Inflamed Area

Question 46

the effect where adhesion molecules react with complementary integrin molecules on the neutrophils, which causes the neutrophils to stick to the capillary and venule walls in an inflamed area.

Answer 46

Margination

Question 47

is the entire process of neutrophil translocation through the capillaries into the tissues surrounding them

Answer 47

Extravasation

Question 48

the specific passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries

Answer 48

Diapedesis

Question 49

Acute Increase in the Number of Neutrophils in Blood

Answer 49

Neutrophilia

Question 50

Third Line of Defense

Answer 50

Second Macrophage Invasion into the Inflamed Tissue

Question 51

Fourth Line of Defense

Answer 51

Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by Bone Marrow

Question 52

Increased production of granulocyte and monocytes by the bone marrow is mainly the three colony-stimulating factors

Answer 52

GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF.

Question 53

The following play a dominant role in controlling the macrophage response to inflammation:

Answer 53

TNF IL-1 GM-CSF G-CSF M-CSF

Question 54

the mixture of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid.

Answer 54

Pus

Question 55

Are weak phagocytes and exhibits chemotaxis.

Answer 55

EOSINOPHILS

Question 56

a parasitic infection found in as many as one - third of the population of some developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Answer 56

Schistosomiasis

Question 57

Another parasitic disease that causes eosinophilia. This disease results from invasion of the body’s muscles by the Trichinella parasite (pork worm) after a person eats undercooked infested pork.

Answer 57

Trichinosis

Question 58

Similar to the large tissue mast cells and located immediately outside many of the capillaries in the body

Answer 58

BASOPHILS

Question 59

a substance that can prevent blood coagulation.

Answer 59

Heparin

Question 60

antibody that causes allergic reactions

Answer 60

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 61

A clinical condition in which the bone marrow produces very few WBC’s.

Answer 61

leukopenia

Question 62

greatly increased numbers of abnormal WBCs in the circulating blood.

Answer 62

leukemia

Question 63

2 general types of leukemia:

Answer 63

Lymphocytic leukemias Myelogenous leukemia

Question 64

begins by cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow and then spreads throughout the body

Answer 64

Myelogenous leukemia

Question 65

caused by cancerous production of lymphoid cells.

Answer 65

Lymphocytic leukemias