LEUKOCYTES, GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYT-MACROPHAGE SYSTEM, AND INFLAMMATION

Question 1

WBCs work together in 2 ways to prevent disease

Answer 1

1. phagocytosis
2. forming anti-bodies and sensitized lymphocytes

Question 2

white blood cells, are the ___ units of the body’s protective system.

Answer 2

mobile

Question 3

WBCs are formed partially in the ___ and partially in the ______

Answer 3

bone marrow
lymph tissue

Question 4

Types of White Blood Cells

Answer 4

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
plasma cells

Question 5

are fragments of another type of cell similar to the WBCs found in the bone marrow, the megakaryocyte

Answer 5

platelets

Question 6

WBCs that have a granular appearance

Answer 6

polymorphonuclear cells

Question 7

polymorphonuclear cells

Answer 7

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 8

An adult human has about ____WBCs per microliter of blood

Answer 8

7000

Question 9

2 major lineages of WBCs

Answer 9

myelocytic and lymphocytic lineages

Question 10

the myelocytic lineage begins with the ___

Answer 10

myeloblast

Question 11

the lymphocytic lineage begins with the ___

Answer 11

lymphoblast

Question 12

The granulocytes and monocytes are formed only
in the ____

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced mainly in the various ____

Answer 13

lymphogenous tissues

Question 14

The life of the granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow is normally _____ circulating in the blood and another ______ in tissues where they are needed

Answer 14

4 to 8 hours
4 to 5 days

Question 15

The monocytes also have a short transit time, ____ in the blood

Answer 15

10 to 20 hours

Question 16

The platelets in the blood are replaced about once
every ____

Answer 16

10 days

Question 17

Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through
gaps between endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and postcapillary venules by ____

Answer 17

diapedesis

Question 18

White Blood Cells Move Through Tissue Spaces by
____

Answer 18

Ameboid Motion

Question 19

White Blood Cells Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue
Areas by ____.

Answer 19

Chemotaxis

Question 20

Many different chemical substances in the tissues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical. This phenomenon is known as _____

Answer 20

chemotaxis

Question 21

chemotaxis depends on the ___ of the chemotactic substance

Answer 21

concentration gradient

Question 22

major function of the neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 22

phagocytosis

Question 23

ingestion of the offending agent

Answer 23

phagocytosis

Question 24

This process whereby a pathogen is selected
for phagocytosis and destruction is called ____

Answer 24

opsonization

Question 25

On approaching a particle to be phagocytized, the neutrophil first attaches itself to the particle and then projects ___ in all directions around the particle.

Answer 25

pseudopodia

Question 26

(in phagocytosis) the chamber invaginates to the inside of the cytoplasmic cavity and breaks away from the outer cell membrane to form a free-floating ____ inside the cytoplasm.

Answer 26

phagocytic vesicle

Question 27

are the end-stage product of monocytes that enter the tissues from the blood

Answer 27

Macrophages

Question 28

Both neutrophils and macrophages contain an abundance of lysosomes filled with ____ especially geared for digesting bacteria and other foreign protein matter.

Answer 28

proteolytic enzymes

Question 29

The lysosomes of macrophages (but not of neutrophils) also contain large amounts of ____, which digest the thick lipid membranes possessed by some bacteria

Answer 29

lipases

Question 30

The total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes is called

Answer 30

reticuloendothelial system

Question 31

Tissue Macrophages in Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

Answer 31

Histiocytes

Question 32

macrophages in the liver

Answer 32

kupffer cells

Question 33

Inflammation is characterized by (5)

Answer 33

1. vasodilation of the local blood vessels 2. increased permeability of the capillaries 3. clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces 4. migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes 5. swelling of the tissue cells

Question 34

lymphokines that are released by

Answer 34

sensitized T cells

Question 35

First Line of Defense Against Infection

Answer 35

Tissue Macrophages

Question 36

Second Line of Defense Against Infection

Answer 36

Neutrophil Invasion

Question 37

Third Line of Defense Against Infection

Answer 37

Second Macrophage Invasion

Question 38

fourth Line of Defense Against Infection

Answer 38

Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by Bone Marrow

Question 39

Acute Increase in the Number of Neutrophils in Blood

Answer 39

Neutrophilia

Question 40

macrophage of brain

Answer 40

microglia

Question 41

5 dominant factors that control the macrophage response to inflammation

Answer 41

TNF IL-1 GM-CSF G-CSF M-CSF

Question 42

mixture of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid

Answer 42

pus

Question 43

The eosinophils normally constitute about __% of all the blood leukocytes

Answer 43

2

Question 44

This disease results from invasion of the body’s muscles

Answer 44

Trichinella

Question 45

The mast cells and basophils release an ___ that causes eosinophils to migrate toward the inflamed allergic tissue

Answer 45

eosinophil chemotactic factor

Question 46

Both mast cells and basophils liberate ___ into the blood

Answer 46

heparin

Question 47

a substance that can prevent blood coagulation

Answer 47

Heparin

Question 48

the type of antibody that causes allergic reactions

Answer 48

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Question 49

A clinical condition in which the bone marrow produces very few WBCs

Answer 49

leukopenia

Question 50

Uncontrolled production of WBCs

Answer 50

leukemia

Question 51

leukemia can be caused by

Answer 51

cancerous mutation of a myelogenous or lymphogenous cell

Question 52

two general types of leukemia

Answer 52

lymphocytic and myelogenous

Question 53

caused by cancerous production of lymphoid cells, usually beginning in a lymph node or other lymphocytic tissue and spreading to other areas of the body

Answer 53

lymphocytic leukemias

Question 54

begins by cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow and then spreads throughout the body

Answer 54

myelogenous leukemia

Question 55

a lack of platelets

Answer 55

thrombocytopenia