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PHYSIO LEC > LEUKOCYTES, GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYT-MACROPHAGE SYSTEM, AND INFLAMMATION > Flashcards

LEUKOCYTES, GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYT-MACROPHAGE SYSTEM, AND INFLAMMATION Flashcards

1
Q

WBCs work together in 2 ways to prevent disease

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. forming anti-bodies and sensitized lymphocytes
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2
Q

white blood cells, are the ___ units of the body’s protective system.

A

mobile

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3
Q

WBCs are formed partially in the ___ and partially in the ______

A

bone marrow
lymph tissue

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4
Q

Types of White Blood Cells

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes
plasma cells

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5
Q

are fragments of another type of cell similar to the WBCs found in the bone marrow, the megakaryocyte

A

platelets

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6
Q

WBCs that have a granular appearance

A

polymorphonuclear cells

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7
Q

polymorphonuclear cells

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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8
Q

An adult human has about ____WBCs per microliter of blood

A

7000

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9
Q

2 major lineages of WBCs

A

myelocytic and lymphocytic lineages

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10
Q

the myelocytic lineage begins with the ___

A

myeloblast

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11
Q

the lymphocytic lineage begins with the ___

A

lymphoblast

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12
Q

The granulocytes and monocytes are formed only
in the ____

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced mainly in the various ____

A

lymphogenous tissues

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14
Q

The life of the granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow is normally _____ circulating in the blood and another ______ in tissues where they are needed

A

4 to 8 hours
4 to 5 days

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15
Q

The monocytes also have a short transit time, ____ in the blood

A

10 to 20 hours

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16
Q

The platelets in the blood are replaced about once
every ____

A

10 days

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17
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through
gaps between endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and postcapillary venules by ____

A

diapedesis

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18
Q

White Blood Cells Move Through Tissue Spaces by
____

A

Ameboid Motion

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19
Q

White Blood Cells Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue
Areas by ____.

A

Chemotaxis

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20
Q

Many different chemical substances in the tissues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical. This phenomenon is known as _____

A

chemotaxis

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21
Q

chemotaxis depends on the ___ of the chemotactic substance

A

concentration gradient

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22
Q

major function of the neutrophils and macrophages

A

phagocytosis

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23
Q

ingestion of the offending agent

A

phagocytosis

24
Q

This process whereby a pathogen is selected
for phagocytosis and destruction is called ____

A

opsonization

25
Q

On approaching a particle to
be phagocytized, the neutrophil first attaches itself to the particle and then projects ___ in all directions around the particle.

A

pseudopodia

26
Q

(in phagocytosis)

the chamber invaginates to the inside of the cytoplasmic cavity and breaks away from the outer cell membrane to form a free-floating ____ inside the cytoplasm.

A

phagocytic vesicle

27
Q

are the end-stage product of monocytes that enter the tissues from the blood

A

Macrophages

28
Q

Both neutrophils and macrophages contain an abundance of lysosomes filled with ____ especially geared for digesting bacteria and other foreign protein matter.

A

proteolytic enzymes

29
Q

The lysosomes of macrophages (but not of
neutrophils) also contain large amounts of ____, which digest the thick lipid membranes possessed by some bacteria

A

lipases

30
Q

The total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes is called

A

reticuloendothelial system

31
Q

Tissue Macrophages in Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues

A

Histiocytes

32
Q

macrophages in the liver

A

kupffer cells

33
Q

Inflammation is characterized by (5)

A
  1. vasodilation of the local blood vessels
  2. increased permeability of the capillaries
  3. clotting of the fluid in the interstitial spaces
  4. migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes
  5. swelling of the tissue cells
34
Q

lymphokines that are released by

A

sensitized T cells

35
Q

First Line of Defense Against Infection

A

Tissue Macrophages

36
Q

Second Line of Defense Against Infection

A

Neutrophil Invasion

37
Q

Third Line of Defense Against Infection

A

Second Macrophage Invasion

38
Q

fourth Line of Defense Against Infection

A

Increased Production of Granulocytes and Monocytes by Bone Marrow

39
Q

Acute Increase in the Number of Neutrophils in
Blood

A

Neutrophilia

40
Q

macrophage of brain

A

microglia

41
Q

5 dominant factors that control the macrophage response to inflammation

A

TNF
IL-1
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

42
Q

mixture of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid

A

pus

43
Q

The eosinophils normally constitute about __% of all the
blood leukocytes

A

2

44
Q

This disease results from invasion of the body’s muscles

A

Trichinella

45
Q

The mast cells and basophils release an ___ that causes eosinophils to migrate toward the inflamed allergic tissue

A

eosinophil chemotactic factor

46
Q

Both mast cells and basophils liberate ___ into the blood

A

heparin

47
Q

a substance that can prevent blood coagulation

A

Heparin

48
Q

the type of antibody that causes allergic reactions

A

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

49
Q

A clinical condition in which the bone marrow produces very few WBCs

A

leukopenia

50
Q

Uncontrolled production of WBCs

A

leukemia

51
Q

leukemia can be caused by

A

cancerous mutation of a myelogenous or lymphogenous cell

52
Q

two general types of leukemia

A

lymphocytic and myelogenous

53
Q

caused by cancerous production of lymphoid cells, usually beginning in a lymph node or other lymphocytic tissue and spreading to other areas of the body

A

lymphocytic leukemias

54
Q

begins by cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow and then spreads throughout the body

A

myelogenous leukemia

55
Q

a lack of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

PHYSIO LEC (7 decks)

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