Researches

Question 1

What is the hindsight bias?

Answer 1

Thinking that “you knew it all along” cause the answer to the study makes sense.

Question 2

Which one is true, birds of the feather or opposites attract?

Answer 2

birds of the feather

Question 3

What are the participants in a research?

Answer 3

human volunteers who provide some sort of data

Question 4

Name a few ways that psychologists use to collect data of mental processes?

Answer 4

observations, survey, psychological tests, interviews

Question 5

What is the lesion method?

Answer 5

examine the damage of the brain, then the function impaired and do inference.

Question 6

What hapened to Phineas Gage? What did we learn?

Answer 6

Explosion and tamping rod transpierced his brain, from the right jaw to the top left. He was able to walk, talk and sit within minutes. But, he had a change of personality, he was rude and mean and made bad decisions. Realized that the front lobe is part for self regulation.

Question 7

What is the electrical stimulation method? Explain the procedure.

Answer 7

stiulating directly a part of the brain with a mild electrical currnt to activate the neurons. We observe what the participant feels, does, experience…

peel the scalp, bone-saw the skull, peel back protextive layers of the brain and touch brain with elecrodes.

Question 8

Who is the first person who used the electrical simulation method? What were her symptoms before, what happened after?

Answer 8

Woman in the 1960s who had epilepsy seizures a lot. Everytime she was about to have a seizure, she would smell burnt toats. They did the procedure and she was cured.

Question 9

How do we call the procedure in which we use electrodes placed along the surface of the scalp and record the lectrical activity in the brain?

Answer 9

electroencephalography

Question 10

Explain the functional magnetic resonance imaging method?

Answer 10

Monitor blood and oxygen in the brain to see which reagions are being used. When a region is highly active, needs more blood and oxygen.

Question 11

In a psychological experiment, we directly _____ something that we think may affect behaviour and then carefully _____ the outcome to see it if did have an effect.

Answer 11

manipulate

measure

Question 12

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 12

people say they feel better after taking a pill they think is a drug. In fact, it is a fake one

Question 13

What is the Nocebo effect?

Answer 13

People say they feel worse after taking something that might have secondary effects: again its fake.

Question 14

What is the dependant variable?

Answer 14

The variable we measure.

Question 15

What is an “operational definition”? Why is it necessary in some tests regarding anger, pain, and other subjective subjects?

Answer 15

A definition such as a scale, that is the same for everybody.
Necessary so we can come to a conclusion.

Question 16

What is the independant variable?

Answer 16

the one whose effects are being examined

Question 17

What is the expiremental group?

Answer 17

The one who is subjective to the independant variable. The one in which we expect something interesting to happen.

Question 18

What is the control group?

Answer 18

The group that serves as a baseline. The one we use to compare.

Question 19

Explain what we mean by “random assignement” and what is the goal of this practice?

Answer 19

letting chance decide the groups. We do this so each group as similar caracteristics so it doesnt influence the study.

Question 20

Explain what is the Subject expectancy effect? What methods is used to prevent it from happening?

Answer 20

When participants dont act natural because they anticipate the result of the study.
Blinding: we do not tell the real goal of the study to the participants and in which group they are (control/experimental)

Question 21

What is a confederate? (Not the racist american type)

Answer 21

actor who participates in a study, pretends to be a participant.

Question 22

What is data?

Answer 22

Information regarding the subject of interest.

Question 23

Who was Wilder Penfield?

Answer 23

The dude who basically came up with the electrical stimulation method.

Question 24

What is the effect of the intention when it comes to pain? (The string on intentional pain)

Answer 24

We realized that when pain is intentional people said they were feeling more pain than the group whose pain was an accident.

Question 25

What is the main idea behind psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 25

The psychodynamic approach is this idea that we can explain behaviours by focusing on unconscious determinants.

Question 26

What is psychoanalysis? What is it used for? How does it work?

Answer 26

It is a method in which someone talks about their feelings, fears, dreams, thoughts, and more in order to solve internal conflicts.

Question 27

Why did Freud believe that Freudian slips were significant?

Answer 27

Because it helps figure out our hidden internal conflicts and heal them.

Question 28

How did Freud propose that Psychic energy might build up and cause problems?

Answer 28

When the superego always denies the desires of the ib.

Question 29

Explain the study “Stale popcorn and frail willpower”. What did we learn from this?

Answer 29

Gave old popcorn in the movie theater and gave bigger containers to some people and smaller to others. They then asked people whether or not they think they ate more popcorn than usual - people said no. But then realized that the people with the smaller popcorn containers had eaten less popcorn.

Thus, understand that unconscious determinants were the size of the container.

Question 30

Do psychologists today support Freud’s theory?

Answer 30

No.
1- Oedipus theory = rejected
2- the existence of 3 distinct components of the psyche.

Question 31

What is the biological approach?

Answer 31

Explain behaviour and mental processes with biological factors such as the brain, neurotransmitters, genes, hormones.

Question 32

What is phrenology?

Answer 32

The idea that measuring the skull helps us determine individuals’ abilities and mental processes.

Question 33

How was phrenology debunked?

Answer 33

The discovery of parts of the brain that are responsible for language.