Research Studies Flashcards
IRB Exemption
-chair gives exemptions
-pose little risk
-does not involve a sensitive topic or population
-educational
IRB Expedited
-subset of board reviews it
-minimal risk (surveys, healthhy pops, non invasive, existing data)
-no interventions
IRB Full
-entire board reviews
-more than minimal risk
-sensitive topic or populations
-any research with an intervention
IRB Application Contents
-additional questions about study plans
-informed consent
-apropriate management of data
Informed Consent
-informed
-can opt out
-lay language (6th grade)
-answet questions
-contact info
-sign
-voluntary
Evidence Based Practice
integration of:
-evidence
-clinical expertise
-patient values
PubMed
-access to medline
-best source for RCT
Medline
-National library of medicine’s database
Primary Sources
-only clinical trials
-RCT, cohort, case control
-current but must read it all
Cochrane
-database for systematic reviews
Hierarchies of Evidence
-1a-5
-A-F
Systematic Reviews of RCT
-1a
-review or meta analysis of RCT
Randomized Control Trials
-1b
-group randomized into experiemental groups
-narrow confidence interval
All or None
-1c
-all Pt died before but some lived after
-some pt died before but none died after
Systematic Review of Cohort Studies
-2a
-review or meta analysis of cohort studies
Cohort Studies
-2b
-already in a group and compare different treatments
Outcomes Research
-2c
-how much value does it give to the pt
-not experimental
Systematic Review of Case Control
-3a
-review or meta analysis of Case control studies
Case Control Studies
-3b
-find people with outcome and control that dont have outcome
-look back in time to find possible causes
Case Study or Series
-4
-detailed analysis of cases
Bench Research
-5
-non human research
Expert Opinion
-5
Grades
A-F
A: strong evidence, level 1 study
F: expert opinion
PEDro
-tool to measure the quality of RCT
-0-10, 6 being good
Quadras
-measure the quality of a study that investigattes accuracy of a test) outcome meausure
0-14, 7 being good
Introduction
-purpose statement
-what is the problem
-why is it important
-what is the purpose
Hypopthesis
Null: no different between x and y
Alternative: there will be a difference between x an y
-can reject or fail to reject your null
Methods
-Participants: why and who, when, how
-Instrumentation: validity, outcome measures, interventions
-Procedures: must be reproducible
-Data Analysis: explain how the data was handled
Results
-Outcomes of analysis
-tables and graphs
-no interpretation of data
Discussion
-compared to previous literature
-implications
-strengths of the study
-limitations
-interpretations
Conclusion
-overview of study
-overview of findings
Meta Analysis
-systemic review with calculations of each study
-forest plot
Order of Parts of a Study
Abstract
Intro
Methods: participants
Methods: instrumentation
Methods: procedures
Methods: data analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Descriptive Studies
-Retrospective
-Normative
-qualitative
-describes data
Exploratory Studies
-correlational: relationships
-predictive: reliability and validity
-case control and cohort (quasi experimental)
Experimental Studies
-RCT only true
-cause and effect
One-Way Repeated Research Design
-one group doing the same thing over titme
Posttest-Only Randomized Group
-randomized
-2 or more groups that are only measured after the intervention
Posttest-Only Non-Randomized Research Design
-non randomized
-2 or more groups that are only measured after the intervention
Factorial-Fully Independent Research Design
-2+ interventions at the same time
-each person stays in the same group the whole time
Factorial-Fully Repeated Research Design
-2+ interventions at the same time
-all participants switch groups throughout the study
Factorial Mixed/Split Plot Research Design
-with or without randomization
-Multiple interventions (independent groups) move through time
-one intervention vs another; pre post post 2
-most common in PT
Crossover Research Design
-with or without randomization
-groups switch interventions after 1st is done
