Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research > Research Basics > Flashcards

Research Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

-manipulated
-intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

-measured
-change in strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Confounding Variable

A

-variable that could influence outcome of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Quantitative Research

A

-uses numbers
-IV manipulated
-reduce confounding variable
-t-test, ANOVA, mean med mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Qualitative Research

A

-understand a problem from the perfpective of the affected population
-interviews

Strengths:
-descriptions
-human side of issues

Limitations:
-time and cost
-cannot measure validity and reliability
-cannot be generalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Single-Subject

A

-one or few participants measured several times
-usually unique pop or intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nominal Scale

A

-qualitative
-identified only by name
-show differences in individuals

ex: gender, disease, zip code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

-qualitative
-ordered categories
-direction of differences between individuals
-no true number value

ex: no help, some help, independent, MMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interval/Ratio Scale

A

-quantitative
-ordered series of equal size
-direction and magnitude

Interval: zero is arbitrary
Ratio: real zero

ex: feet, temp, ROM, speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

-Retrospective
-Normative
-qualitative

-describes data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exploratory Studies

A

-correlational: relationships
-predictive: reliability and validity
-case control (quasi experimental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Experimental Studies

A

-RCT only true
-cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Quasi-Experimental

A

-no manipulated IV
-pre exisiting variable
-cohort studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alpha Level

A

-predetermed before study
-pre set significance level
-0.05 usually, 5% chance data relationships are not significant

Smaller: high risk
Larger: important even if theres a chance at not being effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

P-Value

A

-determined by outcome of study
-actualy probability that results occured by chance
- <0.05 to be significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Validity

A

-info is believable and useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal Validity of Study

A

-did the IV cause the change in DV
-RCT is the best design to maximize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal Validity: History

A

-something happend between pre and post to change result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal Validity: Maturation

A

-did participants change over time

ex: children aging, disease progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Internal Validity: Attrition/Mortality

A

-who dropped out and why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Internal Validity: Repeated Testing

A

-did the repetiitons change the outcome

ex: doing the same thing for weeks will ensure better performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Internal Validity: Instrumentation

A

-was the instrument changed
-calibrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Internal Validity: Regression to the Mean

A

-groups with extreme scores tend to regress towards mean

ex: really bad pt will get better and really good might stay or get worse closer to the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Internal Validity: Experiementer Bias

A

-biased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Internal Validity: Selection

A

-did the groups differ
-sample not representative of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Contruct Validity

A

-are we measuing what we think we are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

External Validity for Study

A

-can the results be generalized by the population
-is it specific enough to have a difference but not too specific that you cant generalize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

Low Power: small sample size, too much variability
-sample size too small to be representative
-used the wrong test
-error rate (Type 1: reject null when shouldnt or Type 2: fail to reject when should have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Simple Random Sample

A

-everyone has the same chance

30
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

-select in a certain order

ex: every 5

31
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

-select sample then divide into parts
-divide a population into individuals

ex: 10 students from every age group

32
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

-double random
-random population and randomly divide into groups

ex: 5 random schools and select 10 random people from each of those schools

33
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

-members volunteer or self select
-usual

34
Q

Sampling Error

A

-sample doesn’t match population

35
Q

Cohen’s D

A

-measure of effect size: meaningful amount of change
-difference in means divided by pooled SD
-generally larger with bigger differences
less variability = larger ES

d= change in means/ poooled SD

Small= 0.2
Medium= 0.5
Large= 0.8

36
Q

Power

A

-chance of finding a sig diff
-affect by effect size and participants

37
Q

Validity

A

-how correct it is
-measures what it should
-cannot exit without reliability

38
Q

Reliabiliy

A

-how consistent it is
-degree of association
-can exist without validity

39
Q

Contingency Table

A

True Positive: a; tested positive with test; have the condition

False Positive: b; tested positive; don’t have the condition

False Negative: c; tested negative; have the condition

True Negative: d; tested negative; don’t have condition

40
Q

Sensitivity

A

-snout: rule out
-true positive test
-shows all the positive so it rules out the negatives
-a/(a+c)

41
Q

Specificity

A

-spin: rule in
-true negative
-shows all the negative so it rules in the positives
-d/(b+d)

42
Q

Predictive Value (+)

A

-likelyhood that the positive test = having condition
-a/(a+b)

43
Q

Predictive Value (-)

A

-likelyhood that the negative test= not having condition
-d/(c+d)

44
Q

Positive Likelihood Ratio

A

-increased odds of having condition if testing positive
-ratio of true to false
-Sensitivity/ (1- Specificity)
-higher= more likely

45
Q

Negative Likelihood Ratio

A

-decreased odds of having condition if testing negative
-ratio of false to true
-(1- Sensitivity)/ Specificity
-lower= less likely

46
Q

Guide to Interpreting LR

A

-most powerful tool for quantifying importance of a particular test

10+, Best, inc by 45%
5+: OK, inc by 30%
2+: Poor, inc by 15%
1.0-: Useless, 0%
0.5-: Poor, dec by 15%
0.2-: Ok, dec by 30%
0.1-: Best, Dec by 45%

47
Q

Minimal Detectable Change

A

-MDC
-amount of change needed to overcome measurement error
-increase reliability of test decreases MDC

48
Q

Minimal Clinical Important Difference

A

-MCID
-amount of important change from the perspective of individual
-should be bigger than MDC

49
Q

One-Way Repeated Research Design

A

-one group doing the same thing over titme

50
Q

Posttest-Only Randomized Group

A

-randomized
-2+ groups that are only measured after the intervention

51
Q

Posttest-Only Non-Randomized Research Design

A

-non randomized
-2+ groups that are only measured after the intervention

52
Q

Factorial-Fully Independent Research Design

A

-2+ interventions at the same time
-each person stays in the same group the whole time

53
Q

Factorial-Fully Repeated Research Design

A

-2+ interventions at the same time
-all participants switch groups throughout the study

54
Q

Factorial Mixed/Split Plot Research Design

A

-with or without randomization
-Participants in designated groups move through several parts
-most common in PT

55
Q

Crossover Research Design

A

-with or without randomization
-groups switch interventions after 1st is done

56
Q

Measurement Theory

A

-psychometrics
-foundation for evaluating tests and their uses
-reliability and validity are most fuindamental measurment theory

57
Q

Measurement Study

A

-any study that investigates the reliability or validity of a research measure

58
Q

Operational Definition

A

-objective variables must be defined in study

59
Q

Inter-Tester Reliability

A

-different raters get the same score
-tester reliability

60
Q

Intra-Tester Reliability

A

-same rater coninuously gets the same score

61
Q

Test-Retest reliability

A

-is the instrument consistent enough to get the same score
-is the patient consistent enough to get the same score
-instrument reliability

62
Q

Agreement

A

-if 2 ratings are similar or match exactly

63
Q

Parallel Reliability

A

-aka equivalent
-2 of the same tests are given to 2 groups
-do the groups meausre similarly

64
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

-questions from the same sources are both giiven to one group
-does the group measure the same on each

65
Q

Face Validity

A

-does it measure what it’s supposed to

66
Q

Content Validity

A

-dooes it measure the entirety of what it is suposed to according to experts

67
Q

Criterion-Based Validity

A

-degree to whih the outcomes correlate with the gold standard

68
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

-degree to which the outcomes correlate with another test (gold standard or not)
-given at the same time

69
Q

Predictive Validity

A

-can it be used to predict some outcome
-Berg balance

70
Q

Construct Validity

A

-degree to which a theorhetical construct is measured by an instrument

71
Q

Responsiveness to Change

A

-extent to which significant changes in the participants are reflected
-ceiling/floor effects alter this
-more items: more responsiveness

72
Q

ROC (Receiver Operating) Curves

A

-Sensitivity vs False positives

-Increased area under the line= high sensitivity and specificity
-want greater than 1/2 under the line

Research (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions