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Psychology > Research methods Year 2 > Flashcards

Research methods Year 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

strengths of case studies

A

offer rich detailed insight into unusual behaviour
may contribute to our understanding of typical function
can help generate hypotheses and theories

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2
Q

What is a case study

A

usually analysis of unusual individuals/events to provide in depth analysis
Tend to take place over a long period of time
may be subject to interviews, observations, testing …

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3
Q

limitations of case studies

A

generalisation as sample size is so small
information in the report is based on researchers opinion
personal accounts can be inaccurate

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4
Q

what is content analysis

A

observational researcher where people are studied indirectly via the communications they have produced
aims to summarise and describe communication in a systematic way so conclusions can be drawn

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5
Q

what is coding in content analysis

A

initial stage of analysis if data set is large
categorises info into meaningful units e.g. no. times a specific word appears
produces quantitative data

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6
Q

what is thematic analysis in content analysis

A

involves the identification of themes that cover most aspects of the data

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7
Q

strengths of content analysis

A

can get around ethical issues as communications are public so permission is not needed
high external validity
flexible as can produce quantitative and qualitative data

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8
Q

limitations of content analysis

A

as people are studied indirectly they are analysed outside of original context
researcher may attribute opinions to the speaker/writer that were not originally intended
less objective especially in thematic analysis

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9
Q

what is reliability

A

measure of consistency
if a measurement is made twice and produces the same result the measurement is reliable

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10
Q

ways to assess reliability

A

test-retest
inter-observer reliability

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11
Q

what is test-retest

A

administering the same test or questionnaire to the same person on different occasions
if the result obtained is the same or very similar it is reliable
must be sufficient time between tests so Ps don’t remember answer but also haven’t changed too much
test scores may be correlated to see if significant and positive

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12
Q

What is inter-observer reliability

A

used in observations to check observers are applying behavioural categories in the same way
more than one observer then results compared

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13
Q

how to improve questionnaire reliability

A

test-retest correlation should be +0.8 or more
questions that are ambiguous or open may need to be removed

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14
Q

how to improve interview reliability

A

use same interviewer every time
don’t ask leading questions
use a structure interview

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15
Q

how to improve observation reliability

A

operationalise behavioural categories
train observers on the behavioural categories

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16
Q

how to improve experiments reliability

A

standardise procedures

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17
Q

what is validity

A

whether or not an observed effect is a genuine one

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18
Q

what is face validity

A

the extent to which test items look like what the test claims to measure

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19
Q

what is concurrent validity

A

means of establishing validity by comparing an existing test or questionnaire to the one you are interested in

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20
Q

what is ecological validity

A

the ability to generalise a research effect beyond the particular setting in which it is demonstrated to other settings

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21
Q

what is temporal validity

A

the ability to generalise a research effect beyond the particular time period of that study

22
Q

how to assess validity

A

face validity
concurrent validity

23
Q

how to improve face validity

A

revise questions/method so they relate more obviously to the topic

24
Q

how to improve concurrent validity

A

remove questions that are irrelevant

25
Q

what are the 7 features of science

A

empirical methods
objectivity
replicability
theory construction
hypothesis testing
falsifiability
paradigms
paradigm shift

26
Q

what are empirical methods

A

information gained through direct observation or experiment

27
Q

what is objectivity

A

when data is not affected by the expectations of the researcher
conditions must be carefully controlled

28
Q

what is replicability

A

procedures must be recorded carefully so someone else can repeat them to verify the original results to be valid

29
Q

what is theory construction

A

a collection of general principles that explain observations and facts
help to understand and predict natural phenomena

30
Q

what is hypothesis testing

A

testing the validity of a theory
theories must be able to generate testable expectations stated in the form of a hypothesis

31
Q

What is falsifiability

A

the ability to prove a hypothesis wrong

32
Q

what is a paradigm

A

a shared set of assumptions about the subject matter of a discipline and the methods appropriate to its study

33
Q

what is a paradigm shift

A

when disconfirming evidence of a paradigm accumulates until it can longer be maintained resulting in a shift
e.g. people thought the earth was the centre of the universe for 2000 years then this belief was overthrown

34
Q

what is involved in reporting psychological investigations

A

abstract
introduction
method
results
discussion
references

35
Q

what is in an abstract

A

short summary including all major elements of the article to give reader a quick picture of the study and its results

36
Q

what is in an introduction

A

review of previous research that leads logically to the study being conducted
reader knows what other research has been done and the reasons for the current study

37
Q

what is in a method

A

detailed description of what the researcher did with enough information for replication
design e.g. repeated measure or covert observation etc
participants - how many, sampling, details e.g. age
apparatus
procedures including standardise instructions, test environment order of events etc
ethics and how they were dealt with

38
Q

what is in a results

A

descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
qualitative research will give categories and themes with examples

39
Q

what is in a discussion

A

summary of the results
relationship to previous research
may include criticisms of method and improvements
implication for psychological theory and real-world
suggestions for future research

40
Q

how to reference a journal

A

Author, date, title of article, journal title, volume (issue number), page numbers

41
Q

how to reference a book

A

author, date, title, place of publication, publisher

42
Q

what is nominal data

A

represented in the form of categories e.g. colours

43
Q

what is ordinal data

A

data that can be ordered but there are not equal intervals between each unit e.g. how much you like something 1-10

44
Q

what is interval data

A

data that includes units of equal precisely defined size e.g. seconds

45
Q

when to use the sign test

A

paired or related data
nominal data

46
Q

how to do the sign test

A

assign each pair of data a + or - or 0 for no difference
add pluses and minuses
select the smaller value
find critical vale
if calculated value is equal or less than critical value result is significant

47
Q

What is probability

A

a measure of the chance that a certain event will occur

48
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

an assumption that there is no relationship in the population with respect to the variables being studied

49
Q

what is the alternative hypothesis

A

a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

50
Q

what is a type I error

A

when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

51
Q

what is a type II error

A

when the null hypothesis is retained when it was not true

52
Q

sentence for choosing statistical test

A

cocks should come
men will spunk
unless really pissed

Psychology (7 decks)

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