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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is the behaviourist approach

A

Every behaviour is learnt from the environment (born as a blank space)

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2
Q

Assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A

Everything is learnt
Born as a blank slate
Animals and humans are similar
Psychology is a science where theories need evidence

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3
Q

Classical conditioning definition

A

Learning by association

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4
Q

Operant conditioning definition

A

Learning by consequences

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5
Q

Reinforcement definition

A

Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood it will occur again in the future

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6
Q

How classical conditioning occurs

A

Unconditioned stimulus produces unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus produced unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus associated with unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus created a conditioned response

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7
Q

Pavlov’s dogs

A

associated sound of bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus) created conditioned response (drooling)

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8
Q

research for classical conditioning

A

Pavlov and Little albert (white rat and loud noise)

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequences e.g. punishment and reward

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10
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward for a certain behaviour increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated

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11
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated as by doing the behaviour something unpleasant is removed e.g. babies loving their mothers as they feed them which removes the hunger

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12
Q

What is punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence of a behaviour. Reduces the likelihood of the behaviour to be repeated

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13
Q

Skinner

A

put rats in boxes, when they pressed a lever food was released (reward) so they would push it more
also did it with shocks to show negative reinforcement

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14
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation - experimental method

A

Skinner and Pavlov used highly controlled experiments meaning a causal relationship can be established

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15
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation - real-life application

A

positive reinforcement used in schools e.g. giving out awards and stickers

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16
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation - explains some human behaviours and their treatments

A

Phobias - classical and operant conditioning
systematic desensitisation

17
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation - research on animals

A

Animal brain are not as complex as humans are meaning these studies may not be able to be generalised to human behaviour

18
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation - determinist

A

suggests environment determines all behaviour - rejects free will

19
Q

What is social learning theory

A

A way of explaining behaviour that involves imitation modelling and vicarious reinforcement

20
Q

Imitation definition

A

Copying the behaviour of others

21
Q

What does social learning theory involve

A

Imitation, modelling, identification and vicarious reinforcement

22
Q

What is modelling

A

Learning through watching another individual perform that behaviour/ or being the model of the behaviour

23
Q

Identification definition

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model

24
Q

Vicarious reinforcement definition

A

Indirect reinforcement which occurs through watching others being reinforced for their behaviours

25
Q

What are the 4 mediational processes

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

26
Q

What is attention

A

The extent we notice behaviour

27
Q

What is retention

A

How well the behaviour is remembered

28
Q

What is motor reproduction

A

The ability of the person to reproduce the behaviour

29
Q

What is motivation

A

The will of the person to reproduce the behaviour
Often determined by rewards and punishment

30
Q

Bandura (1961) - procedure

A

children observed aggressive and non-aggressive adult playing with a bobo doll
Aggressive would smack, hit with mallet and shout things like pow
Children were then left alone in a room with toys, one of the toys was a bobo doll

31
Q

Bandura (1961) findings

A

Psychology (5 decks)

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