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Psychology > Research Methods - Social > Flashcards

Research Methods - Social Flashcards

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1
Q

what can a questionnaire produce?

A

questionnaires can produce qualitative or quantitative data

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2
Q

name the types of closed questions

A

rating scale, likert rating scale, semantic rating scale, ranked

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3
Q

rating scale

A

on a scale of 1-10

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4
Q

likert rating scale

A

1 - strongly disagree 5 - strongly agree

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5
Q

semantic rating scale

A

unhealthy- healthy

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6
Q

ranked

A

most useful- least useful

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7
Q

open ended questions

A

tell me about the children in this picture…

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8
Q

what is social desirability?

A

respondent doesn’t give a genuine answer, but one that is seen as more desirable socially

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9
Q

how can social desirability be removed?

A

using a lie detector

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10
Q

why is social desirability a problem?

A

can be problematic for research that investigates socially sensitive issues or attitudes and leads to demand characteristics

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11
Q

what is question construction? 

A

designing questions that aren’t complex, misleading or violate the right to privacy

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12
Q

how can we remove question construction ?

A

answer scales should be even so a person cannot pick neutral statements and should be reversed to avoid on this just agreeing. 

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13
Q

How can we give questionnaires reliability?

A

test-retest (external) , split-half (internal)

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14
Q

what is test-retest? 

A

same people are given the same questionnaire to complete on the on a different occasion, if same results given the reliability can be established

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15
Q

what is split-half?

A

Splits questions into two halves and compares the findings during analysis. if the answers are different then the questions may be measuring different concepts

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16
Q

how can we give questionnaires validity?

A

Face validity, predictive, felicity, concurrent validity 

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17
Q

what is face validity?

A

Looking at each question and deciding, if it is measuring the concept, an expert can be used to review and confirm

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18
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

It is able to accurately predict the same construct in the future

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19
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

compares the test to another, which measures the same construct 

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20
Q

what are structured interviews?

A

Nature of the questions on the way in which they are asked, is usually the same way, and are closed questions for quantitive data 

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21
Q

Disadvantages with structured interviews

A

Data can be superficial and lack depth, and no report between the researcher and respondent

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22
Q

what are unstructured interviews?

A

begins with a loose research a.m. and gathers qualitative data from respondents interviewers need to be analytical and seek meaning have a good listening skills and use nonjudgmental language

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23
Q

advantages with unstructured interviews 

A

specialist Interviewer needs to be aware of sensitivity and privacy 

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24
Q

What are semi structured interviews?

A

they are more controversial and dynamic than structured, and have a set of questions to be answered, but have no format to follow can be qualitative and quantitative and conversation can flow

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25
Q

advantages of interviews 

A

anyone can give an interview and experienced interviewers can give them ambiguous questions on develop further answers
interviewers are a good format of collecting data as you can ask very in detail questions and it is easy for children to answer
you can give ambiguous answers, lots of detail and extensive information

26
Q

Disadvantages of interviews

A

when asking questions, interview or characteristics can influence the respondents answer due to sex, age, manner, and personality, and this will affect one of the answers, detailed or true, so can lead to socially desirable characteristics
People may also feel uncomfortable or embarrassed

27
Q

Name the four sampling methods

A

Random sampling, stratified, sampling, opportunity, sampling, and volunteer sampling

28
Q

what is random something? 

A

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

29
Q

Strengths of random sampling

A

It is unlikely that the sample will be biased as a sample has no control over who is in the sample and all members of the target population have an equal chance of being chosen

30
Q

weaknesses of random sampling

A

Random sampling can take time, especially if the target population is large

31
Q

Stratified sampling

A

The sample is a proportional representation of the target population when is broken down into smaller groups, you then sample from those groups

32
Q

strengths of stratified sampling

A

It can be very representative of the population of them correctly, and the whole population will be equally represented

33
Q

weaknesses of stratified sampling

A

It is very time-consuming to do and can be very difficult

34
Q

opportunity sampling

A

Example of selects participants from whoever is available at the time

35
Q

strengths of opportunity sampling

A

It is convenient to do as the sampler select people who are there so it’s quick and easy and is likely to be ethical as they can give consent.

36
Q

weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

tends to be less representative because the sample was taken from a small section of the population

37
Q

volunteer sampling

A

Participants put themselves forward to be in the sample and are therefore self selecting and often has population validity

38
Q

Strengths of volunteer sampling

A

The participants would be very motivated. It’s quite easy to do and gives you access to a variety of people you would not have access to.

39
Q

weaknesses of volunteer sampling

A

Volunteers are more likely to be similar, as volunteers tend to be more willing and more eager to please in the water population

40
Q

measures of central tendency

A
41
Q

advantages of using the mode

A

The figure produced will be one that is actually in the set of numbers
useful for nominal data

42
Q

disadvantages of the mode

A

not a useful measurement of central tendency on smaller sets of data with frequently occurring same values
More than two scores is meaningless

43
Q

Advantages of using the medium

A

good to use with ordinal data
Generally unaffected by anomalies on this easy to use an extreme values

44
Q

disadvantages of using the median

A

Doesn’t work on small sets of data

45
Q

advantages of using the mean

A

Most appropriate measure of central tendency, and makes use of all the data

46
Q

disadvantages of using the mean

A

Can’t be used on data without liars so you need to look at the Royal score before deciding on using the mean
Can end in decimals
Extreme values skew the results

47
Q

measures of dispersion

A
48
Q

advantages of using the range

A

Indicates that schools are placed together

49
Q

disadvantages of using the range

A

Affected by extreme scores
Doesn’t tell us if schools all bunched around the mean score

50
Q

advantages of using the interquartile range

A

Cut out extreme scores. Calculate the range of the middle half of scores

51
Q

advantages of standard deviation

A

Shows how spread out scores are from the mean

52
Q

disadvantages of using standard deviation

A

Require is the mean to be an integer
can only be used on interval data
Doesn’t cover all data types

53
Q

normal distribution of standard deviation gives

A

a bell curve

54
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

non-numerical language based data collected through interviews, open questions and content analysis

55
Q

what is the inductive process?

A

a conclusion is reached based on observations

56
Q

what is the deductive process?

A

a way of deducing whether there is evidence for accepting or rejecting an explanation concluded from data by predicting consequences

57
Q

why do people always carry condoms cause of disease

A

withdraw
deception
protection of people
advicd
consent
confidentiality
colleagues
observational research
debrief

58
Q

practical aim

A

to determine if there was a difference in the level of obedience in men and women using year 12 collegiate students who were approached and asked to do a questionnaire containing a variety of question styles. the obedience was measured using the mean and standard deviation which allowed us to see the range of results.

59
Q

practical results

A

female standard deviation (0.76) < male standard deviation (1.3) therefore females were more consistent whilst there is a greater possibility of skewed results w the males
female obedience (6.3) > male obedience (5.8) so females more obedient on average but not by a significant margin

60
Q

practical conclusion

A

Psychology (9 decks)

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