Research Methods - Social

Question 1

what can a questionnaire produce?

Answer 1

questionnaires can produce qualitative or quantitative data

Question 2

name the types of closed questions

Answer 2

rating scale, likert rating scale, semantic rating scale, ranked

Question 3

rating scale

Answer 3

on a scale of 1-10

Question 4

likert rating scale

Answer 4

1 - strongly disagree 5 - strongly agree

Question 5

semantic rating scale

Answer 5

unhealthy- healthy

Question 6

ranked

Answer 6

most useful- least useful

Question 7

open ended questions

Answer 7

tell me about the children in this picture…

Question 8

what is social desirability?

Answer 8

respondent doesn’t give a genuine answer, but one that is seen as more desirable socially

Question 9

how can social desirability be removed?

Answer 9

using a lie detector

Question 10

why is social desirability a problem?

Answer 10

can be problematic for research that investigates socially sensitive issues or attitudes and leads to demand characteristics

Question 11

what is question construction? 

Answer 11

designing questions that aren’t complex, misleading or violate the right to privacy

Question 12

how can we remove question construction ?

Answer 12

answer scales should be even so a person cannot pick neutral statements and should be reversed to avoid on this just agreeing. 

Question 13

How can we give questionnaires reliability?

Answer 13

test-retest (external) , split-half (internal)

Question 14

what is test-retest? 

Answer 14

same people are given the same questionnaire to complete on the on a different occasion, if same results given the reliability can be established

Question 15

what is split-half?

Answer 15

Splits questions into two halves and compares the findings during analysis. if the answers are different then the questions may be measuring different concepts

Question 16

how can we give questionnaires validity?

Answer 16

Face validity, predictive, felicity, concurrent validity 

Question 17

what is face validity?

Answer 17

Looking at each question and deciding, if it is measuring the concept, an expert can be used to review and confirm

Question 18

What is predictive validity?

Answer 18

It is able to accurately predict the same construct in the future

Question 19

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 19

compares the test to another, which measures the same construct 

Question 20

what are structured interviews?

Answer 20

Nature of the questions on the way in which they are asked, is usually the same way, and are closed questions for quantitive data 

Question 21

Disadvantages with structured interviews

Answer 21

Data can be superficial and lack depth, and no report between the researcher and respondent

Question 22

what are unstructured interviews?

Answer 22

begins with a loose research a.m. and gathers qualitative data from respondents interviewers need to be analytical and seek meaning have a good listening skills and use nonjudgmental language

Question 23

advantages with unstructured interviews 

Answer 23

specialist Interviewer needs to be aware of sensitivity and privacy 

Question 24

What are semi structured interviews?

Answer 24

they are more controversial and dynamic than structured, and have a set of questions to be answered, but have no format to follow can be qualitative and quantitative and conversation can flow

Question 25

advantages of interviews 

Answer 25

anyone can give an interview and experienced interviewers can give them ambiguous questions on develop further answers interviewers are a good format of collecting data as you can ask very in detail questions and it is easy for children to answer you can give ambiguous answers, lots of detail and extensive information

Question 26

Disadvantages of interviews

Answer 26

when asking questions, interview or characteristics can influence the respondents answer due to sex, age, manner, and personality, and this will affect one of the answers, detailed or true, so can lead to socially desirable characteristics People may also feel uncomfortable or embarrassed

Question 27

Name the four sampling methods

Answer 27

Random sampling, stratified, sampling, opportunity, sampling, and volunteer sampling

Question 28

what is random something? 

Answer 28

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

Question 29

Strengths of random sampling

Answer 29

It is unlikely that the sample will be biased as a sample has no control over who is in the sample and all members of the target population have an equal chance of being chosen

Question 30

weaknesses of random sampling

Answer 30

Random sampling can take time, especially if the target population is large

Question 31

Stratified sampling

Answer 31

The sample is a proportional representation of the target population when is broken down into smaller groups, you then sample from those groups

Question 32

strengths of stratified sampling

Answer 32

It can be very representative of the population of them correctly, and the whole population will be equally represented

Question 33

weaknesses of stratified sampling

Answer 33

It is very time-consuming to do and can be very difficult

Question 34

opportunity sampling

Answer 34

Example of selects participants from whoever is available at the time

Question 35

strengths of opportunity sampling

Answer 35

It is convenient to do as the sampler select people who are there so it’s quick and easy and is likely to be ethical as they can give consent.

Question 36

weaknesses of opportunity sampling

Answer 36

tends to be less representative because the sample was taken from a small section of the population

Question 37

volunteer sampling

Answer 37

Participants put themselves forward to be in the sample and are therefore self selecting and often has population validity

Question 38

Strengths of volunteer sampling

Answer 38

The participants would be very motivated. It’s quite easy to do and gives you access to a variety of people you would not have access to.

Question 39

weaknesses of volunteer sampling

Answer 39

Volunteers are more likely to be similar, as volunteers tend to be more willing and more eager to please in the water population

Question 40

measures of central tendency

Question 41

advantages of using the mode

Answer 41

The figure produced will be one that is actually in the set of numbers useful for nominal data

Question 42

disadvantages of the mode

Answer 42

not a useful measurement of central tendency on smaller sets of data with frequently occurring same values More than two scores is meaningless

Question 43

Advantages of using the medium

Answer 43

good to use with ordinal data Generally unaffected by anomalies on this easy to use an extreme values

Question 44

disadvantages of using the median

Answer 44

Doesn’t work on small sets of data

Question 45

advantages of using the mean

Answer 45

Most appropriate measure of central tendency, and makes use of all the data

Question 46

disadvantages of using the mean

Answer 46

Can’t be used on data without liars so you need to look at the Royal score before deciding on using the mean Can end in decimals Extreme values skew the results

Question 47

measures of dispersion

Question 48

advantages of using the range

Answer 48

Indicates that schools are placed together

Question 49

disadvantages of using the range

Answer 49

Affected by extreme scores Doesn’t tell us if schools all bunched around the mean score

Question 50

advantages of using the interquartile range

Answer 50

Cut out extreme scores. Calculate the range of the middle half of scores

Question 51

advantages of standard deviation

Answer 51

Shows how spread out scores are from the mean

Question 52

disadvantages of using standard deviation

Answer 52

Require is the mean to be an integer can only be used on interval data Doesn’t cover all data types

Question 53

normal distribution of standard deviation gives

Answer 53

a bell curve

Question 54

what is qualitative data?

Answer 54

non-numerical language based data collected through interviews, open questions and content analysis

Question 55

what is the inductive process?

Answer 55

a conclusion is reached based on observations

Question 56

what is the deductive process?

Answer 56

a way of deducing whether there is evidence for accepting or rejecting an explanation concluded from data by predicting consequences

Question 57

why do people always carry condoms cause of disease

Answer 57

withdraw deception protection of people advicd consent confidentiality colleagues observational research debrief

Question 58

practical aim

Answer 58

to determine if there was a difference in the level of obedience in men and women using year 12 collegiate students who were approached and asked to do a questionnaire containing a variety of question styles. the obedience was measured using the mean and standard deviation which allowed us to see the range of results.

Question 59

practical results

Answer 59

female standard deviation (0.76) < male standard deviation (1.3) therefore females were more consistent whilst there is a greater possibility of skewed results w the males female obedience (6.3) > male obedience (5.8) so females more obedient on average but not by a significant margin

Question 60

practical conclusion