Learning theories Flashcards
Stimulus generalisation + discrimination
When a stimuli similar to the CS produces the CR
Discrimination
The CR is only produced in response to the CS + not to similar stimuli
Extinction
When the CR declines + disappears because the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS
Classical conditioning
NS - no response
UCS - UCR
UCS + NS - UCR
NS - UCR
CS CR
How is behaviour learned?
Through Association + is not annate
Aim of little Albert
To demonstrate that the principles of classical conditioning can be used to explain how humans acquire phobic behaviours + to show that a fear response can be created within a young child to a similar stimuli doesn’t naturally produce this response
Procedure of little Albert
Preconditioning testing, conditioning, trials + post conditioning trials
9 month old male infant called little Albert, laboratory experiment.
Little Albert: preconditioning testing
Albert’s response to the stimuli was noted
Little Albert: conditioning trials
At 11 months he has presented again with the white rat + every time he reaches for it they make a loud noise behind his head using a hammer + a steel bar. This was repeated over several weeks.
Little Albert: stimuli
White rat, loud noise, burning paper, dog, monkey
Little Albert: response record
After the 1st trial, Albert showed some distress
After the 2nd trial, Albert seems suspicious of the rat
After the 3rd trial, Albert leaned away from the rat + cried
Little, Albert: post conditioning life
Seven weeks later: Albert cried in response to similar stimuli eg white fur, coats, and santas beard (generalisation)
What’s an wanted to desensitise him to the phobia to find extinction, but he left the hospital on the day that the last testing took place.
It is suggested that he was neurologically atypical + died at 6
Operant conditioning
Resulted in a link for link between a behaviour + an event
behaviour - act that the individual producers
event - consequence of that behaviour
The consequence can lead to an increase or decrease in the probability of the behaviour being repeated
Skinner (1948)
Carried out research on animals using a Skinner box
It contained food pellets that were released when an animal learned to do something
Some skinner boxes had electrified floors which could be used to punish a behaviour
It used to reinforcement and punishment to train animals to learn target behaviours
Primary reinforcement
Rewarding because they have a biological significance (food, water, shelter)
Secondary reinforcement
Have become associated with the primary reinforcements (money, jobs, house)
Social learning stages:
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Attention
If attention is paid to the role, model learning or take place
It depends on the distinctiveness of the behaviour + the role models level of arousal from the observer
Children are more likely to copy those similar to themselves + of the same sex
Retention
After focusing on the model behaviour observer must retain or store that behaviour.
Imagery + language assist in the process of retaining the information
Humans store behaviour they observe in the form of mental images of verbal descriptors + later recall them
Reproduction
Showing the modelled behaviour
It depends on the physical capabilities of the individual + self observation
If it is beyond the individuals capabilities that it can’t be reproduced