Child Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional bond between 2 people that occurs over time.
Can lead to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking + serves to protect the baby, promoting psychological wellbeing

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2
Q

Bowlby (1958)

A

Believe that human babies have an innate tendency to form a bond with their caregiver (evolutionary approach)
Applied Imprinting principles to human babies and investigated complex social + emotional bonding processes

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3
Q

Imprinting

A

Innate ability to recognise the caregiver

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4
Q

Critical period

A

Imprinting can only happen within the first 3 years of a babies life

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5
Q

Monotropy

A

A special attachment to 1 person whom they respond most sensitively to + spend the most time with

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6
Q

Social releasers

A

Encourages caregivers to stay close and provide for the baby.
Includes crying and smiling

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7
Q

Babies gain an internal working model if

A

The emotional bond and care proves their expectations

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8
Q

Secure base hypothesis

A

Suggests that if the infant can rely on their caregiver + feel secure then they are likely to explore their environment + develop independence

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9
Q

Why do parents take care of babies

A

Are motivated because the baby carries half their dna + being close to the baby encourages a strong emotional bond

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10
Q

Lorenz (1935)

A

Tested attachment by having goslings imprint on him
Mixed up his goslings with those of a mother gose + some that never imprinted
Goslings always follow their caregiver + those that don’t imprint wader aimlessly

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11
Q

The continuity hypothesis

A

Successful early attachment will result in long term benefits for the child

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12
Q

If a baby doesn’t form an attachment

A

ST: child can’t get insight into the caregivers behaviour so can’t influence their behaviour to survive + form a partnership
LT: expectations for relationships won’t be formed on what a loving relationship looks like

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13
Q

Stages of attachment: phase 1

A

First few months of life
Baby responds indiscriminately towards any adult figure
Baby orients themselves towards an adult by contact, smiling, grasping
Will learn social responses

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14
Q

Stages of attachment: phase 2

A

3-6 months
A child will use social releases to promote proximity but behaviour is targeted towards primary caregiver

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15
Q

Stages of attachment: phase 3

A

6 months - 3 years old
Baby shows intense attachment to the primary caregiver to maintain close proximity + have a safe base
Show stress at separation + joy at reunion
Treat strangers with fear + cry to raise alarm

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16
Q

Ainsworth + Bell (1970)

A

Wanted to see how a child behaved towards strangers + their caregivers under controlled conditions of stress

17
Q

Sample of strange situation

A

100 middle class American mothers + children

18
Q

Procedure of SS

A

mum + child enter room + mother responds to baby if they seek attention
Stranger enters room + speaks to mum + slowly approaches baby + mum leaves room
Stranger let’s child play + encourages it if shows inattention
Mum enters room, stranger leaves + mum leaves again
Stranger enters room+ plays with child
Mother returns + stranger leaves

19
Q

Results of SS

A

B: Secure attachment (60-65%)
A: Anxious avoidant (20%)
C: Anxious resistant (12%)
Measured contact maintaining, proximity, contact seeking, avoidance, resistance, sensitivity to caregiver

20
Q

Evaluation of SS

A

Valid as measures true aim
Reliable as replicable
Doesn’t focus on ID + cultural differences
No demand characteristics
Ethical issues for distress but was avoided wherever possible

21
Q

Hazen + Shaver (1987) aim

A

Researched early attachments forming templates for later romantic partners
Used a questionnaire related to childhood relationship with parents + individual beliefs about romantic relationships

22
Q

Results of Hazen + Shaver

A

Was published in the local newspaper + received 620 replies
Categorised into securely + insecurely attached
Found those who were securely attached were more likely to believe in romantic relationships being enduring + trusting
Insecurely attached people though of relationships to be obsession + jealousy

23
Q

Hazen + Kilpatrick (1994)

A

Replicated Hazen + Shaver with same respondents + 30% changes attachment type 4 years onwards
X self reported data so demand characteristics
X sampling bias as volunteer sample so not representative
X reliant on memory so retrospective

24
Q

Maternal Deprivation

A

The loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver

25
Q

Robertson + Bowlby (1952)

A

Studies children who had brief separations
Over time the child’s response changed to their caregivers arrival + departure.
Protest-despair-detachment model

26
Q

Protest (PDD model)

A

First response is to act acutely distressed at the caregiver to try to get them to return. Can last hours to weeks

27
Q

Despair (PDD model)

A

Child becomes less active + may cry of rock themselves for self comfort
Their quietness comes across as desires but is actually hopefulness

28
Q

Detachment (PDD model)

A

Child accepts the attention of others to be sociable but if the caregiver arrives they will remain remote + apathetic

29
Q

Maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH)
Bowlby (1953)

A

Considered the long term effects of Maternal Deprivation
Believed that children need a ‘warm, intimate + continuous relationship’ for normal mental health which can also benefit physical health
Only applies during the critical period in development (30 months or less)

30
Q

Preventing negative effects of maternal deprivation

A

It can be prevented by avoiding loss of maternal care
Good quality care whilst the mother is away can cause fewer ill effects

31
Q

Bowlby: 44 juvenile thieves (1944)

A

Determines if there’s a correlation between maternal deprivation + adolescent delinquency
Studied 44 juvenile thieves who attended a child guidance clinic + compared them to 44 adults who were emotionally disturbed but didn’t steal
14 thieves were affection less
Found there’s a correlation
X correlation not causation
X relies on recollections of pps so could be unreliable

32
Q

Main + Soloman (1990)

A

Introduced ‘disorganised’ classification for the strange situation to encompass a variety of behaviours
Don’t show a pattern + are mix of A + B
On reunion seemed confused, is associated with depressed caregivers or child abuse

33
Q

Privation

A

The complete lack of any attachment during a critical period of development

34
Q

Effects of privation

A

Disinhibited attachment - children don’t discriminate between ppl who they chose as attachment figures
Physical underdevelopment- children are physically small due to lack of emotional care
Poor parenting - have difficulty parenting their own kids

35
Q

Genie - Curtiss (1989)

A

Extreme privation + abuse for 13 years