Child

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

An emotional bond between 2 people that occurs over time.
Can lead to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking + serves to protect the baby, promoting psychological wellbeing

Question 2

Bowlby (1958)

Answer 2

Believe that human babies have an innate tendency to form a bond with their caregiver (evolutionary approach)
Applied Imprinting principles to human babies and investigated complex social + emotional bonding processes

Question 3

Imprinting

Answer 3

Innate ability to recognise the caregiver

Question 4

Critical period

Answer 4

Imprinting can only happen within the first 3 years of a babies life

Question 5

Monotropy

Answer 5

A special attachment to 1 person whom they respond most sensitively to + spend the most time with

Question 6

Social releasers

Answer 6

Encourages caregivers to stay close and provide for the baby.
Includes crying and smiling

Question 7

Babies gain an internal working model if

Answer 7

The emotional bond and care proves their expectations

Question 8

Secure base hypothesis

Answer 8

Suggests that if the infant can rely on their caregiver + feel secure then they are likely to explore their environment + develop independence

Question 9

Why do parents take care of babies

Answer 9

Are motivated because the baby carries half their dna + being close to the baby encourages a strong emotional bond

Question 10

Lorenz (1935)

Answer 10

Tested attachment by having goslings imprint on him
Mixed up his goslings with those of a mother gose + some that never imprinted
Goslings always follow their caregiver + those that don’t imprint wader aimlessly

Question 11

The continuity hypothesis

Answer 11

Successful early attachment will result in long term benefits for the child

Question 12

If a baby doesn’t form an attachment

Answer 12

ST: child can’t get insight into the caregivers behaviour so can’t influence their behaviour to survive + form a partnership
LT: expectations for relationships won’t be formed on what a loving relationship looks like

Question 13

Stages of attachment: phase 1

Answer 13

First few months of life
Baby responds indiscriminately towards any adult figure
Baby orients themselves towards an adult by contact, smiling, grasping
Will learn social responses

Question 14

Stages of attachment: phase 2

Answer 14

3-6 months
A child will use social releases to promote proximity but behaviour is targeted towards primary caregiver

Question 15

Stages of attachment: phase 3

Answer 15

6 months - 3 years old
Baby shows intense attachment to the primary caregiver to maintain close proximity + have a safe base
Show stress at separation + joy at reunion
Treat strangers with fear + cry to raise alarm

Question 16

Ainsworth + Bell (1970)

Answer 16

Wanted to see how a child behaved towards strangers + their caregivers under controlled conditions of stress

Question 17

Sample of strange situation

Answer 17

100 middle class American mothers + children

Question 18

Procedure of SS

Answer 18

mum + child enter room + mother responds to baby if they seek attention
Stranger enters room + speaks to mum + slowly approaches baby + mum leaves room
Stranger let’s child play + encourages it if shows inattention
Mum enters room, stranger leaves + mum leaves again
Stranger enters room+ plays with child
Mother returns + stranger leaves

Question 19

Results of SS

Answer 19

B: Secure attachment (60-65%)
A: Anxious avoidant (20%)
C: Anxious resistant (12%)
Measured contact maintaining, proximity, contact seeking, avoidance, resistance, sensitivity to caregiver

Question 20

Evaluation of SS

Answer 20

Valid as measures true aim
Reliable as replicable
Doesn’t focus on ID + cultural differences
No demand characteristics
Ethical issues for distress but was avoided wherever possible

Question 21

Hazen + Shaver (1987) aim

Answer 21

Researched early attachments forming templates for later romantic partners
Used a questionnaire related to childhood relationship with parents + individual beliefs about romantic relationships

Question 22

Results of Hazen + Shaver

Answer 22

Was published in the local newspaper + received 620 replies
Categorised into securely + insecurely attached
Found those who were securely attached were more likely to believe in romantic relationships being enduring + trusting
Insecurely attached people though of relationships to be obsession + jealousy

Question 23

Hazen + Kilpatrick (1994)

Answer 23

Replicated Hazen + Shaver with same respondents + 30% changes attachment type 4 years onwards
X self reported data so demand characteristics
X sampling bias as volunteer sample so not representative
X reliant on memory so retrospective

Question 24

Maternal Deprivation

Answer 24

The loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver

Question 25

Robertson + Bowlby (1952)

Answer 25

Studies children who had brief separations Over time the child’s response changed to their caregivers arrival + departure. Protest-despair-detachment model

Question 26

Protest (PDD model)

Answer 26

First response is to act acutely distressed at the caregiver to try to get them to return. Can last hours to weeks

Question 27

Despair (PDD model)

Answer 27

Child becomes less active + may cry of rock themselves for self comfort Their quietness comes across as desires but is actually hopefulness

Question 28

Detachment (PDD model)

Answer 28

Child accepts the attention of others to be sociable but if the caregiver arrives they will remain remote + apathetic

Question 29

Maternal deprivation hypothesis (MDH) Bowlby (1953)

Answer 29

Considered the long term effects of Maternal Deprivation Believed that children need a ‘warm, intimate + continuous relationship’ for normal mental health which can also benefit physical health Only applies during the critical period in development (30 months or less)

Question 30

Preventing negative effects of maternal deprivation

Answer 30

It can be prevented by avoiding loss of maternal care Good quality care whilst the mother is away can cause fewer ill effects

Question 31

Bowlby: 44 juvenile thieves (1944)

Answer 31

Determines if there’s a correlation between maternal deprivation + adolescent delinquency Studied 44 juvenile thieves who attended a child guidance clinic + compared them to 44 adults who were emotionally disturbed but didn’t steal 14 thieves were affection less Found there’s a correlation X correlation not causation X relies on recollections of pps so could be unreliable

Question 32

Main + Soloman (1990)

Answer 32

Introduced ‘disorganised’ classification for the strange situation to encompass a variety of behaviours Don’t show a pattern + are mix of A + B On reunion seemed confused, is associated with depressed caregivers or child abuse

Question 33

Privation

Answer 33

The complete lack of any attachment during a critical period of development

Question 34

Effects of privation

Answer 34

Disinhibited attachment - children don’t discriminate between ppl who they chose as attachment figures Physical underdevelopment- children are physically small due to lack of emotional care Poor parenting - have difficulty parenting their own kids

Question 35

Genie - Curtiss (1989)

Answer 35

Extreme privation + abuse for 13 years