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Clinical Flashcards

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1
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviours that are unusual, undesirable, or bizarre compared to social norms
This leads to negative attention from others + exclusion

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2
Q

Dysfunction

A

Inability to conduct everyday activities which can interfere with a persons ability to carry out normal roles + responsibilities
Includes self care, communication + socialising

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3
Q

Distress

A

When emotional symptoms such as anxiety cause distresss to be manifested as physical symptoms such as tiredness + pains

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4
Q

Danger

A

They are at risk of causing physical or psychological harm to the self or others
Such as hostile + hazardous behaviour

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5
Q

Diagnosis of mental health disorders - what are the 4 D’s

A

Deviance
Dysfunction
Distress
Danger

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6
Q

Diagnosis

A

The process of matching a persons behaviours, cognitions, feelings + desires
to the signs + symptoms of a recognised mental health disorder
in order to provide information about prognosis and treatment

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7
Q

David (2009)

A

Claims that there needs to be a sixth D as clinicians need to consider how long these symptoms have been occurring
Duration helps, understand whether a disorder is only over a small period or needs to be observed to make a diagnosis

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8
Q

Advantages of the 4 D’s

A

Help to avoid errors in diagnosis, like not seeing a disorder or misdiagnosing

Different disorders display a different combination of D’s + all feature in the diagnostic criteria to determine mental health disorders

Application

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9
Q

Disadvantages of the 4 D’s

A

There’s no rules on how the 4 D’s should be combined so may not be diagnosed properly

5 D’s can’t be objectively measured so can be confused and aren’t reliable

Putting on a label can lead to stereotypes and be more damaging

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10
Q

DSM (diagnostic + statistics manual)

A

A classification system that describes the symptoms, features + risk factors of 300+ mental + behavioural disorders in 22 categories (1952)

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11
Q

DSM-5 (2013)

A

Section 1: Offers guidance about using the new system
Section 2: Details disorders + is categorised to causes, symptoms + differences in disorders
Section 3: Suggestions for new disorders

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12
Q

How do clinicians diagnose a disorder

A

Gathering information about the individual through
observation
an unstructured clinical interview
ruling out disorders + picking the right one

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13
Q

Free pass

A
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14
Q

Advantages of DSM

A

field Rp trials showed levels of agreement between clinicians - Reliability
Evidence supports the validity of some disorders

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15
Q

Disadvantages of DSM

A

What counts as an accepted level of agreement has dropped over the years - Reliability
Psychologists feel that is lacks validity as it doesn’t specify what causes a disorder - Validity

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16
Q

DSM-1 (1952)

A

Included homosexuality as a psychopathic tendency
Was a money scheme for pharmacists
For shell-shock + PTSD
102 diagnoses in 2 categories

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17
Q

DSM-2 (1968)

A

More emphasis put onto ordinary disorders + homosexuality was no longer a sociopathic tendency
Included 182 disorders
Based off Freud, Rosenhan + Bandura

18
Q

DSM-3 (1980)

A

Developed psychometric testing + mood altering drugs
Based of observation + biological evidence
Developed a standardised language for diagnosis

19
Q

DSM-4

A

Less reductionist + more holistic + includes culture-bound syndromes
Psychiatric, personality, environment, stress, global functioning, general medical conditions

20
Q

International statistical classification of diseases + related medical problems (ICD)

A

Classification system that includes mental + physical disorders

21
Q

Disadvantage of ICD

A

The presentation, communication + interpretation of symptoms is shaped by language + culture so clients in different cultures may be misdiagnosed - also bad for research

22
Q

Reliability of ICD

A

+Research comparing reliability of ICD9 + 10 of about 3000 patients accuracy improved from 68%-94% shows that the new disorders added didn’t affect diagnosis (inter-rater)
-reliability is meaningless without validity + the validity of diagnoses were often conflicted, reliability doesn’t test that the system is valid

23
Q

Validity of ICD

A

Has predictive + concurrent validity as it shows that initial diagnosis were useful in their ability to accurately predict future outcomes
-need to make it easier to use + diagnose by not adding only disorders

24
Q

How does ICD work

A

Each disorder has a code which allows for indexing medical records + makes it easier when conducting research

25
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A psychotic disorder, characterised by positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations + negative symptoms may also be present such as lack of emotion or speech

26
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective experiences reported by the individual that can’t be observed

27
Q

Features

A

Information about prevalence eg gender or age

28
Q

Thought insertion

A

Believing one’s thoughts have been implanted by an external source

29
Q

Hallucinations

A

Reception experiences, which don’t correspond with reality

30
Q

Delusions

A

Fixed beliefs that are resistant to change + implausible to people of the same cultural background

31
Q

Disordered thinking

A

Jumbled + unrelated thoughts leading to incoherent speech

32
Q

When can schizophrenia be diagnosed

A

Until the individual has experienced at least 1 month of active symptoms and experienced disturbance every day functioning for at least 6 months

33
Q

Advantages of reliability of schizophrenia

A

Diagnosis of schizophrenia can be made with a high degree of consistency with both DSM-5 + ICD 10. This suggests that descriptions for schizophrenia are sufficiently detailed to allow clinicians to distinguish it from other conditions.

34
Q

Disadvantages of reliability of schizophrenia

A

Prognosis is variable + hard to predict as it shares as many symptoms with other disorders.
It can be difficult if the client is from a different cultural background from the psychologist as it requires an awareness + sensitivity to cultural + linguistic differences.

35
Q

Unipolar depression

A

An effective disorder, characterised by low mood, loss of interest or enjoyment, marked tiredness +fatigue has to have been experienced for over two weeks

36
Q

Affective symptoms of depression

A

People with depression may feel sad, empty, hopeless + lack pleasure or interest. Children + adolescents may be irritable, lack pleasure + be fearful

37
Q

Bodily symptoms of depression

A

May have reduced energy levels which has a knock on effect to behaviour
significant weight loss or gain due to changes an appetite
Sleep patterns are disturbed with people getting insomnia

38
Q

Cognitive symptoms of depression

A

Often experience negative thoughts + blame themselves for things out of their control
Feel guilty + unworthy of others
Have a lack of self-confidence + feel incompetent
Have a pessimistic outlook
Have thoughts of death or suicide

39
Q

Behavioural symptoms of depression

A

Fatigue and loss of pleasure leads to social withdrawal + diminished activity
Show signs of agitation + slowed movements
Must be observable to be a symptom

40
Q

What is depression linked to

A

Depression is linked to many chronic physical illnesses such as cancer + cardiovascular disease

41
Q

How can cultural differences make diagnosis difficult? (DSM-5)

A

Many cultures don’t accept or recognise depression as a disorder + don’t have a word in their language for it.
Symptoms for it may have a specific cultural form so clinicians can’t diagnose.
DSM5 includes a section on how to conduct a ‘cultural formulation interview’

Psychology (9 decks)

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