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psychology > research methods part 3 > Flashcards

research methods part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 measures of central tendency ?

A

mean
median
mode

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2
Q

what does central tendency represent ?

A

averages
- gives information about the most typical values in a set of data

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3
Q

what is an advantage of using the mean ?

A

most sensitive of all measures
takes all scores into account

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4
Q

what is a disadvantages of using the mean ?

A

can be easily distorted by extreme values

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5
Q

what are the advantages of using the median ?

A

extreme scores don’t affect it
really easy to calculate

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6
Q

what is the disadvantages of using the median ?

A

less sensitive then the median
as doesn’t include all scores

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7
Q

what is the advantages of using the mode ?

A

really easy to calculate

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8
Q

what is the disadvantages of using the mode ?

A

it is a crude measure
- avoid using it
- can be the only measure used if categories involved

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9
Q

what is measures of dispersion ?

A

based on measure of spread
tell us how far scores are spread from each other

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of measures of dispersion ?

A

range
standard deviation

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11
Q

what does a larger range and standard deviation mean ?

A

the bigger the the score then wider the spread

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12
Q

what is an advantage of using the range ?

A

really easy to calculate

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13
Q

what is the disadvantage of using the range ?

A

it only takes in the 2 extreme values
so may be unrepresentative of the data as a whole

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14
Q

what is an advantage of using standard deviation ?

A

more sophisticated than the range
as a more precise measure of dispersion

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15
Q

what is a disadvantage of using standard deviation ?

A

can be distorted by an extreme value

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16
Q

what is low standard deviation ?

A

all the data is tightly clustered round the mean

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17
Q

what is high standard deviation ?

A

scores are widely spread
and not all the pps were affected in the same way

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of graphs ?

A

bar charts
histograms
line graphs
scattergraphs

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19
Q

what is a bar chart ?

A

used for plotting discrete data
the types of data don’t overlap in anyway

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20
Q

what is discrete data ?

A

discontinuous data
-it doesn’t continue after been measured
- gaps between the bars

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21
Q

what is a histogram ?

A

similar to a bar chart
but it uses continuous data so not discrete
- no gaps between the bars

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22
Q

what is a line graph ?

A

usually used to show change over time or trials

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23
Q

what is a scatter graph ?

A

shows the relationship between 2 variables

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24
Q

how does normal distribution occur ?

A

as if u measure certain variables the frequency of the measurements should form a bell shaped curve

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25
Q

what does a normal distribution curve show ?

A

shows score that are symmetrical with the mean, median and mode at the highest peak

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26
Q

what are the 3 key features of a normal distribution ?

A
  • all measures of central tendency at same point
  • symmetrical from the midpoint
  • dispersions of scores on either side of the midpoint is consistent and expressed as standard deviations
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27
Q

when does a skewed distribution curve occur ?

A

when data isn’t symmetrical
the data clusters towards one end

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28
Q

what is a left skewed distribution ?

A

it is negative
its tail is to the left so most data is towards the right
the mean is the lowest
and mode is the highest

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29
Q

what is a right skewed distribution ?

A

it is positive
it has a tail to the right so means most data is towards the left
mean is the highest
mode is the lowest

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30
Q

what happens to the median on a skewed distribution ?

A

always in the middle

31
Q

what happens to the mode on a skewed distribution ?

A

always at the peak of the distribution

32
Q

what happens to the mean on a skewed distribution ?

A

affected by extreme scores so gets dragged away from the centre

33
Q

what are the 2 types of ratios ?

A

part to whole
part to part

34
Q

what is a part to whole ratio used for ?

A

1 st number is the condition being studied
2nd number is the total amount of pps
c1; total no.

35
Q

what is the part to part ratio used for ?

A

to show results for both conditions
c1:c2

36
Q

what is probability important for ?

A

statistical testing

37
Q

what is a significance level ?

A

the point at which the researcher can be confident that they have found a significant difference or correlation in the data
- so accept hypothesis and reject null hypothesis
- all studies have one

38
Q

what is the standard level of significance accepted in psychology ?

A

0.05
5%
p< or equal too 0.05

39
Q

what does p<or equal too 0.05 mean ?

A

the probability that the results were due to a fluke that the results could be due to a chance of it being a fluke

40
Q

what is medicine significant level ?

A

0.01
1%
p<or equal too 0.01

41
Q

can we prove a hypothesis is right for wrong ?

A

no
can only be content with finding out how likely it is to be true

42
Q

how do you analysis data ?

A

analyse using descriptive data
do inferential testing/ statistics

43
Q

what is descriptive statistics ?

A

all the measures of central tendency and dispersion

44
Q

what does inferential testing/ statistics tell us ?

A

if are results are significant or not
- helps us make inferences about the data

45
Q

what do statistical tests provide ?

A

a way to determine which hypothesis we accept or reject
- tell us the differences or relationships between variables due to chance or if they are statistically significant

46
Q

when do we accept the research hypothesis ?

A

if statistically significant

47
Q

what is an example of statistical tests ?

A

the sign test

48
Q

what are the 3 conditions and reasons why u use the sign test ?

A
  • looking for a difference
  • experiment used repeated measure design
  • data is nominal
49
Q

what is nominal data ?

A

it can be organized into categories

50
Q

what is the criteria for stats tests ?

A
  • difference or correlation
  • design- RM, MP (related), IG (unrelated data)
    -level of measurement eg) nominal, ordinal, ratio, internal
51
Q

what are the 2 components that the sign test gives ?

A

calculated value (s)
that we compare w the
critical value

52
Q

for the results in a sign test to be significant what must happen ?

A

s value is less than or equal to the critical value

53
Q

how do u calculate the sign test ?

A
  • look at difference in columns
  • note down the positives or negative numbers
  • count up how many + and -
  • lowest number is the S value out of the 2
  • then compare with the critical value
54
Q

how do you find the N value ?

A
  • the total number of pps
    but take away whichever ones were equal in both conditions
55
Q

how do you calculate the critical value ?

A

to use the table you need the
- significant level
- number of pps
- which type of hypothesis ( 1 tail or 1 tail )

56
Q

which hypothesis is 1 tailed ?

A

directional

57
Q

which hypothesis is 2 tailed ?

A

non-directional

58
Q

what are the 3 major functions of peer review ?

A

-allocate research funding
-validate the quality and relevance of research
-suggests amendments and improvements

59
Q

what is allocating funding involved in peer review ?

A
  • peer review takes place before any research to decide if it is worth investigating
  • like medical research council can be involved in help
60
Q

why is validating the quality and relevance of research involved in peer review ?

A
  • as reviewers examine all aspects of the submitted report
    eg) methods
  • to check accuracy and quality
61
Q

why is suggesting amendments and improvements involved in peer review ?

A
  • sometimes report is good but needs minor revisions
  • like could be deemed inappropriate so should be withdrawn or retracted
62
Q

what are the 2 issues and problems with peer review ?

A
  • ‘file drawer’ problem
    -bias
63
Q

what is the ‘file drawer’ problem ?

A
  • bias towards publishing studies with positive results
  • negatives either are rejected or never submitted to public
  • like for every 1 positive findings could be hundreds of negative placed away in filling cabinets
  • so understanding of subject becomes distorted
64
Q

what are the 3 types of bias in peer review ?

A

-objectivity
- institution bias
- gender

65
Q

what is objectivity bias in peer review ?

A
  • reviewer may strongly support an opposing view
  • as many believe difficult to separate reviewer from personal, political and cultural views
  • even if meant to be anonymous but not many researchers
66
Q

what is institution bias in peer review ?

A

research from prestigious uni is favoured

67
Q

what is gender bias in peer review ?

A

male researchers tend to favoured

68
Q

what do we need to consider about what we may learn when doing psychological research in terms of the economy ?

A
  • how it affect the economy
    -benefits it
    -devalues the prospects
69
Q

what is an example for memory for the economy ?

A

save money on police resources as improved EWT

70
Q

what is an example for social influence on the economy ?

A

minorities encourages to make changes to save money

71
Q

what is an example for psychopathology for the economy ?

A

person can be treated quicker so saves money on further treatment
so they can return to work which contributes to the economy

72
Q

what is an example of attachment for the economy ?

A

mothers stay at home so not contributing to taxes
secure attachment children become productive members of society and so they can hold down job that contribute to the economy

73
Q

what is an example for approaches for the economy ?

A

spend money on technology to understand our cognitive process more

psychology (13 decks)

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