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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

who is the father of psychology ?

A

Wilhelm wundt

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2
Q

what institute did Wundt open ?

A

the institute for experiment psychology
- at the uni of Leipzig in Germany in 1879

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3
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt do to philosophy ?

A

he separated psychology from it

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4
Q

how did Wilhelm Wundt separate psychology from philosophy ?

A

he did it by analysing the workings of a mind in a more structured way
- emphasis being on objective measurement and control

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5
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt believe in ?

A

reductionism

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6
Q

what is reductionism ?

A

that consciousness could be broken down or reduced to its basic element without sacrificing any of the properties as a whole

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7
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt study ?

A

introspection

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8
Q

what is introspection ?

A

‘looking within’

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9
Q

was introspection the 1st experimental attempt to study the mind ?

A

yes it was
- include breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thought, images and sensations

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10
Q

what was Wundt threefold aims for introspection ?

A
  • analyse the content of conscious experiences
  • determine how elements of the conscious mind are connected
  • devise a law to explain such connections
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11
Q

what did Wundt claim about introspection ?

A

that with sufficient training some mental processes can be observed
- memory
- perception

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12
Q

what are 2 strengths to Wundt’s idea of introspection ?

A
  • further investigations can be carried out as controlled settings
  • replication is allowed in his research
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13
Q

what are 2 weaknesses for Wundt’s idea of introspection ?

A
  • conscious thoughts and mental processes can’t be measured and observed
  • introspection isn’t accurate
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14
Q

what decade did psychoanalysis emerge ?

A

1900s

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15
Q

what year did behaviourism emerge ?

A

1913

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16
Q

what decade did humanism emerge ?

A

1950s

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17
Q

what decade did the learning approach emerge ?

A

1960s

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18
Q

what decade did the biological approach emerge ?

A

1980s

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19
Q

when did cognitive neuroscience emerge ?

A

eve of the 21st century

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20
Q

what are the 5 different scientific methods in psychology ?

A
  • replicability
  • systematic
  • objectivity
  • theory construction
  • peer review
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21
Q

what is replicability ?

A

ability to repeat a study and achieve consistent findings

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22
Q

what does systematic mean ?

A

phenomenon which can be observed, use scientific testing like using experimental methods with standard procedures

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23
Q

what is objectivity ?

A

basing findings on facts rather than an opinion

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24
Q

what is theory construction ?

A

offering a testable hypothesis which can be rigorously tested

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25
Q

what is peer review ?

A

process used to check the work performance by one’s equal to ensure it meets the specific criteria
- being subject to independent scrutiny by other psychologist who are experts in the field which happens prior to publication

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26
Q

what are the 3 learning assumptions ?

A
  • all behaviour learned from the environment so…if all behaviour is learnt it can therefore be unlearnt
    -animals share the same principles in learning behaviour therefore…valid to study them
  • behaviourists approach says we are a ‘tabula rosa’…blank slate upon which experience is written on
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27
Q

what is classical conditioning ?

A

learning through association
- 2 stimulus are paired together to produce a learnt response

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28
Q

who first demonstrated classical conditioning ?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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29
Q

what did Pavlov reveal about classical conditioning ?

A

dogs can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell
if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time dogs where given food

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30
Q

what is a stimulus ?

A

any feature of the environment that affects behaviour

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31
Q

what is a response ?

A

the behaviour elicited by the stimulus

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32
Q

what are the 3 stages called that are involved in classical conditioning ?

A
  • before
  • during
  • after
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33
Q

what happens in stage 1 of classical conditioning ?

A

UCS produces a UCR
- response isn’t learnt, it is reflex
- also involves the NS but it doesn’t cause a response

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34
Q

what happens in stage 2 of classical conditioning ?

A

NS is paired with UCS on a number of occasions
which creates the UCR

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35
Q

what happens in stage 3 of classical conditioning ?

A

NS becomes CS and the UCR becomes CR

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36
Q

when can you tell when learning has taken place in classical conditioning ?

A

learning has taken place when the NS elicits a response which used to occur when the UCS was presented

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37
Q

what are the 2 strengths of classical conditioning ?

A
  • supporting evidence from Watson and Rayner’s study on little albert
  • practical application in aversion therapy
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38
Q

what is the 1 weaknesses of classical conditioning ?

A

it is reductionist as reduces complex behaviours

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39
Q

what is operant conditioning ?

A

learning by consequence/ reinforcement

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40
Q

what did Thorndike’s (1898) describe about OC ?

A
  • a behaviour resulting in a pleasant outcome tends to be repeated
  • a behaviour followed by a bad consequence are not
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41
Q

what is Skinners’ involvement in operant conditioning ?

A

he believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the cause of an action and its consequence
- argues ‘we shape the behaviour we require’

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42
Q

what is positive reinforcement ?

A

something pleasant which you receive for a behaviour which increases the likelihood of the behaviour happening again

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43
Q

what is negative reinforcement ?

A

the removal of something unpleasant which will increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening again

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44
Q

what does extinction mean ?

A

the dying out of a conditioned response by breaking the association between the CS and the UCS

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45
Q

what is spontaneous recovery ?

A

the return of a conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period of time

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46
Q

what are the 5 things in skinners reinforcement schedule ?

A
  • continuous reinforcement
  • fixed interval schedule
  • variable internal schedule
  • fixed ratio schedule
    -variable ratio schedule
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47
Q

what is continuous reinforcement ?
-pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction

A

-very low but steady
-very low- quickest way

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48
Q

what is fixed interval schedule ?
-pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction

A
  • speeds up as the next reinforcement becomes as a pause after each reinforcement
  • rate = fairly low
  • fairly low
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49
Q

what is variable interval schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction

A
  • very stable over long periods of time can increase as time elapse
    -very high- very slow and gradual
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50
Q

what is fixed ratio schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction

A
  • pronounced pause after each reinforcement but very high rate
  • fairly low
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51
Q

what is variable ratio schedule ?
- pattern/rate of response
- resistance to extinction

A
  • very high and very steady
  • very high- most resistant
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52
Q

what is 2 strengths to operant conditioning ?

A
  • research that supports it is skinner
  • practical application for people struggling with their mental wellbeing
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53
Q

what are 2 weaknesses of operant conditioning ?

A
  • some of the research like Skinner has ethical issues
  • research can be deemed to lack ecological validity
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54
Q

what are the 2 strengths of the behaviourist approach ?

A
  • influential in encouraging the use of animals as research subjects
  • made important contributions to our modern understanding of human mental illness
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55
Q

what are the 2 weaknesses of the behaviourist approach ?

A
  • many consider using animals in experiments as unethical
  • criticised for its limits view regarding the origins of behaviour
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56
Q

how do we learn according too social learning theory ?

A

observations and imitation of a model
- proposes any behaviour is learned through direct experiences or by vicarious indirect experiences

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57
Q

what characteristics do the model of a SLT have ?

A
  • reinforced for the behaviour
  • identify with the model like same sex
  • likely to be respected
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58
Q

when is imitation more likely to occur ?

A

if the model is positively reinforced
and if u identify with the model

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59
Q

do we believe we are able to imitate the behaviour which has been observed ?

A

yes

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60
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement ?

A

type of observational learns that occurs when someone imitates a model’s behaviour after observing the model receive positive reinforcement

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61
Q

what is self- efficacy ?

A

the belief you have about your ability to perform a behaviour

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62
Q

what happens to the likelihood with a higher self-belief ?

A

you are more likely to imamate the behaviour of the model

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63
Q

what are the 4 mediational factors Bandura created ?

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • reproduction
  • motivation
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64
Q

what is mediational factors ?

A

cognitive factors that influence learning and the likelihood of copying behaviour

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65
Q

what is the attention in the mediational factors ?

A

for a behaviour to be imitated it has to draw attention
- it influences if we imitate or not as some behaviours we observe aren’t worth observing

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66
Q

what is the retention in the mediational factors ?

A

the memory of the behaviour needs to be formed to be remembered and performed later on
- especially as SL isn’t always repeated immediately so it is vital to form a memory as needed to have a memory to refer too

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67
Q

what is the reproduction in the mediational factors ?

A

we are limited by our physical ability
- can’t always reproduce the behaviour as limited as we would like to be able to imitate a lot of behaviour but not always going to happen

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68
Q

what is the motivation in the mediational factors ?

A

rewards and punishments that follow the behaviour will be considered by the observer
- if the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs that more likely to be imitated by the observer.

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69
Q

what happens if vicarious reinforcement isn’t seen as important ?

A

the observer may not imitate the behaviour

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70
Q

what is a strength of the Bandura bobo doll study ?

A

it is was a highly controlled study

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71
Q

what is a weakness of the Bandura bobo doll study ?

A

it was carried out in an artificial environment

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72
Q

what is the cognitive approach is concerned with ?

A

how thinking shapes out behaviour

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73
Q

what do cognitive psychologist suggest for behaviour to be fully understood ?

A

the events within a person that must be studied

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74
Q

what are the 3 assumptions of the cognitive approach ?

A
  • study of the internal mental process
  • role of the schema
  • use of the theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about mental process
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75
Q

what are 4 process that are within the internal process examination ?

A

perception
memory
attention
consciousness
- must be inferred from observations

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76
Q

what does cognitive psychologist believe about the internal mental process ?

A

it can studied in an objective way and that insight into mental processes may be inferred from behaviour

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77
Q

why do cognitive psychologists make use of theoretical and computer models ?

A

to enable visual representation of complex conceptual models

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78
Q

what does the study of the internal mental process assume ?

A

it sees humans as information processers

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79
Q

what is cognitve main concern with the internal model ?

A

how information is received from our sense is processed by the brain and how this processing directs how we behave

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80
Q

what do we infer behaviour from ?

A

information we have which is usually from experience

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81
Q

what is the internal mental processes ?

A

the operations which occur during thinking

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82
Q

what are the 5 operations that occur during thinking ?

A
  • perception
  • attention
  • memory
  • language
  • problem-solving
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83
Q

what is the perception operation in the internal mental process ?

A

info from the eyes into a visual form

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84
Q

what is the attention operation in the internal mental process ?

A

how we choose what to think about

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85
Q

what is the memory operation in the internal mental process ?

A

how we store information to use in the future

86
Q

what is the language operation in the internal mental process ?

A

how we construct sentences to communicate with others

87
Q

what is the problem-solving operation in the internal mental process ?

A

how we construct new solutions

88
Q

what is the role of the internal working model ?

A

perception also can be useful as we perceive a person in a specific way which can determine if you’re more likely to get in a romantic relationship with them or not

89
Q

what is a schema ?

A

a mental framework/ structure which contains knowledge based on experience and culture
- it organises information and acts as a guide to behaviour

90
Q

when are schemas learnt ?

A

from a young age

91
Q

how do schema’s save time ?

A

they help make shortcuts when organising and interpretating new or large pieces of information rapidly
- therefore prevents us from being overwhelmed by environment stimuli

92
Q

what happens once a schema is learnt ?

A

individuals tend to pay more attention that is relevant or agrees with their schema and ignore information that may challenge their pre-existing schemas

93
Q

what type of bias can schemas be ?

A

attentional and selective bias
- as they effect what we notice

94
Q

what happens to are schema’s the more we get older ?

A

they become more sophisticated

95
Q

how can your schema become refined ?

A

later in life experiences due to new experiences and interactions

96
Q

why don’t schemas necessarily represent reality ?

A

as they are often put together due to social exchanges rather than personal interactions

97
Q

what is the halo effect ?

A

the tendency to allow one specific trait or overall impression of a person, company or product to positively influence our judgements of their other related traits

98
Q

what information does children remember more ?

A

remember gender consistent information better than information that challenges their gender

99
Q

what are the 2 bad areas of a schema ?

A
  • can lead to errors in information-processing such as prejudice and discrimination as if it doesn’t fit the schema it can be ignored or distorted
  • tend to only attend info that fits their schema
100
Q

what does the 3rd assumption say about computers and our minds ?

A

that are minds act like a computer and our minds processes act as a computer software
- human eyes sees, encodes and transform if into a decision

101
Q

what is the theoretical model ?

A

simplified, objective and descriptive representations of how our minds might work

102
Q

what are computer models ?

A

the mind is compared to a computer suggesting there are similarities in the way the information is processed and solved

103
Q

what do computer models help explain in psychology ?

A

the different mental processes

104
Q

what is the analogy of the mind which is compared to a computer ?

A

LTM= hard disk
STM= computers RAM

105
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience ?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structure, function and chemistry on cognitive mental process as they’re responsible for it

106
Q

what have the the new rapid advances in technology allowed neuroscientist to do ?

A

study the living brain and localise areas of the brain associated with the specific cognition
- PET scans and FMRI scans

107
Q

what do sufferers with OCD have ?

A

elevated levels of activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus

108
Q

what are the 2 strengths to the cognitive approaches ?

A
  • emphasis of employing scientific methodology
  • many real world applications
109
Q

what are the 3 weaknesses of the cognitive approach ?

A
  • it uses inferences
  • it is accused of being machine reductionist
  • some suggest neuroimaging is correlational
110
Q

what is the biological approach ?

A

the way of understanding human behaviour by studying the physical basis of the body, including the brain, NS, IS and genetics
- must look at biological structures and processes

111
Q

what are the 2 assumptions to the biological approach ?

A
  • evolution on behaviour
  • genetic influence
112
Q

do all are thoughts, feelings and behaviour have a physical basis ?

A

yes

113
Q

what was the principle the Charles Darwin natural selection ?

A

any behaviour that benefits a species and helps it to reproduce will continue in future generations

114
Q

can some animals be bred to have certain desirable characteristics ?

A

yes and in nature this process is natural
- it gives a species an advantage
- they survive and pass it onto their offspring

115
Q

what is a genotype ?

A

the actual make-up of their genes

116
Q

what is a phenotype ?

A

the way their genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics

117
Q

how is the expression of genotype inevitably expressed ?

A

through environmental factors

118
Q

why can identical twins look different ?

A

have the same genes but have been expressed differently through their phenotype

119
Q

what do many biopsychologist believe about human behaviour ?

A

that it depends on interactions between inherited factors (nature) and the environment (nuture)

120
Q

what are monozygotic twins ?

A

100% identical genes
- 1 egg fertilised

121
Q

what are dizygotic twins ?

A

50% identical genes
- 2 eggs fertilised

122
Q

what is a concordance rate for twins ?

A

refers to the extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics

123
Q

what is a heterozygous gene ?

A

the genotype consists of 2 different genes

124
Q

what is a homozygous gene ?

A

the genotype consists of 2 genes that are the same

125
Q

what has selective breeding been used to demonstrate ?

A

how a number of behavioural characteristics may have a genetic basis

126
Q

what is selective breeding ?

A

artificially selecting male and male reproduces for a particular trait
- then put together to breed and produce offspring

127
Q

what are females more particular about in a relationship ?

A

about who the farther of their children is due to the investment they have to make
- want mates that will have resources to provide for their offspring

128
Q

what are males more particular about in a relationship ?

A

attractive as an indication of fertility and reproductive value

129
Q

what are 2 strengths for the biological approach ?

A
  • adopts scientific methods and uses objective measures largely
  • real world application
130
Q

what are the 4 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach ?

A
  • unconscious mind
  • importance of early childhood experiences
  • personality is made up of 3 parts (tripartite)
  • personality shapes
131
Q

what does the psychodynamic approach explain ?

A

that behaviours is as a result of different forces

132
Q

what it is the importance in early childhood experiences assumption ?

A

that are behaviour and feelings as an adult is rooted from our childhood experiences
- can have life-long effects on the individual

133
Q

what was Freud metaphor to describe the mind ?

A

he used an iceberg metaphor
- the tip is the conscious mind
- just below the surface is the pre-conscious mind
- and the rest below the surface is the unconscious mind

134
Q

what is the 3 parts of the mind ?

A
  • conscious mind
  • pre-conscious mind
  • unconscious mind
135
Q

what is the conscious mind ?

A

the small amount of mental activity we know about

136
Q

what is the pre-conscious mind ?

A

things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried or triggered

137
Q

what is the unconscious mind ?

A

things we are unaware of and can not become aware

138
Q

what did Freud believe the 2 basic drives which motivate all our behaviours are ?

A
  • eros
  • thants
139
Q

what is physic determinism ?

A

unconscious forces and drives are inborn and control or determine behaviour
- all we say and do has a cause

140
Q

what is most of are behaviour and personality driven by ?

A

unconscious forces in our mind

141
Q

what 3 things does the unconscious mind contain ?

A
  • biological drives
  • instincts
  • threatening and disturbing memories that have been locked away
142
Q

what are 2 ways you can access the unconscious mind ?

A
  • dream analysis
  • free association
143
Q

what is dream analysis ?

A

a therapist will interpret the dreams to provide insight about what the dream actually represents

144
Q

what is latent content ?

A

the hidden meaning or unconscious desires that are present in dreams. fantasies, or other form of communication

145
Q

what is manifest content ?

A

concept in a dream analysis that refers to the element of a dream that a person remembers after waking up

146
Q

what is more likely to appear in are dreams then when awake ?

A

repressed ideas in the unconsious

147
Q

what is free association ?

A

the individual is encouraged to relax and say anything that comes into their minds
- the therapist will interpret and explain once the conflict is bought into consciousness once verbalised

148
Q

what is the idea behind free association ?

A

the idea is the ego will be unable of keeping check of the threatening unconscious mind

149
Q

what is a ‘slip of the tongue’ ?

A

it is slips of the tongue which may reveal what is really in our mind

150
Q

what is the importance of early childhood experiences ?

A

our behaviour and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences
- can have a life-long effect on the individual

151
Q

what is motivated forgetting ?

A

childhood memories may not be able to be recalled
- so this happens to help prevent us from remembering traumatic memoires

152
Q

what are the 3 structures to personality ?

A
  • id
  • ego
  • superego
153
Q

when is the id present ?

A

from birth

154
Q

what is the principle that the id acts from ?

A

pleasure principle

155
Q

what is the id for ?

A

it represents a persons ‘s instinctual, basic drives related to sex and aggression
- it is our instinct
- we want instant gratification

156
Q

what does the id spring from ?

A

eros and thantos

157
Q

what is eros ?

A

the life instinct
- which is fuelled by psychic energy called libido

158
Q

when does the ego develop ?

A

around 2

159
Q

what is the egos role ?

A

has to decide between the demands of the id and the superego

160
Q

what principle does the ego operate under ?

A

the reality principle

161
Q

why does the ego control the id ?

A

it controls the ids drive for immediate satisfaction until an appropriate outlet can be found

162
Q

when may abnormal behaviour occur ?

A

if the balance between id and superego isn’t achieved

163
Q

why does the ego have to manage the id and superego ?

A

as in constant conflict

164
Q

when does the superego develop ?

A

at 5+

165
Q

what principle does the superego act under ?

A

the morality principle

166
Q

what r the 2 divisions of the superego ?

A
  • ego ideal
  • conscience
167
Q

what is the ego-ideal ?

A

the standards of good behaviour that we aspire to

168
Q

what is the conscience ?

A

it is seen as the inner voice that tells us when we have done something wrong

169
Q

what is the superego perceived as ?

A

it is seen as the source of rewards

170
Q

what is a strength of the personality theory ?

A

evidence of defence mechanism is Williams as it makes cognitive sense that all babes are born with a drive to survive

171
Q

what is a weakness for the personality theory ?

A

it is unfalsifiable as cant measure the concept

172
Q

why are defence mechanism developed ?

A

to manage the demand of the id and superego

173
Q

why can the ego get stressful ?

A

if constant conflict which constantly needs to do work

174
Q

what is the role of the defence mechanism ?

A

to help protect the ego from getting too overwhelmed

175
Q

why in the long term is defence mechanism bad ?

A

as they work unconsciously and distort reality

176
Q

what are the 3 defence mechanisms ?

A
  • repression
  • displacement
  • denial
177
Q

what is repression ?

A

unconsciously forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

178
Q

what is denial ?

A

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

179
Q

what is displacement ?

A

transferring feelings from the true source of the distressing emotion to a substitute

180
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages ?

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latent
  • genital
181
Q

what age is the oral stage ?

A

0-1

182
Q

what source of pleasure for the oral phase ?

A

the mouth

183
Q

what is the main influence for the oral phase ?

A
  • deprivation of love or food
  • early weaning
184
Q

what is the consequence of fixation ?

A
  • sarcasm
  • smoking
  • biting nails
185
Q

what age is the anal stage ?

A

1-3

186
Q

what is the source of pleasure for the anal stage ?

A

the anus

187
Q

what is the main influence of the anal stage ?

A
  • lax toilet training
  • harsh toilet training
188
Q

what is the consequences of fixation of the anal phase ?

A
  • obsessiveness
  • tidiness
  • meanness
189
Q

what age does the phallic stage occur ?

A

3-5

190
Q

what is the source of pleasure in the phallic stage ?

A

the genital area

191
Q

what is the main influence of the phallic stage ?

A
  • very dominant mother
  • no father figure
192
Q

what is the consequences of fixation in the phallic stage ?

A
  • self obsession- m
  • sexual anxiety- m
  • envies– w
193
Q

what age does the latent stage happen ?

A

5-puberty

194
Q

what is the source of pleasure for the latent stage ?

A

sexual drives are repressed

195
Q

what happens as the main influence in the latent stage ?

A

the child will repress all what has happened previously
- focus on adjusting to the environment

196
Q

does fixation happen in the latent stage ?

A

no

197
Q

what age does the genital stage happen ?

A

12+

198
Q

what is the main influence in the genital stage ?

A

the sexual drives from the id are re-awoken
- remainder of adult life is dedicated to the pursuit of sex

199
Q

should fixation happen at the genital stage ?

A

yes it should as indicates a well-adjusted adult

200
Q

what happens if a psychosexual stage isn’t resolved ?

A

fixation occurs
- where a child becomes stuck and carries certain behaviours and characteristics with them into adult personality

201
Q

what is the psychosexual stages ?

A

the sexual energy builds up and is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body

202
Q

what is the Oedipus conflict ?

A

the boy wants to sexually posses and desire his mother
- and he thinks if his father finds out what he most loved will be taken away
- which in phallic phases is his penis so fears castration

203
Q

how does the boy overcome the Oedipus complex ?

A

by imitating, copying and joining in masculine behaviour

204
Q

what is the Electra complex ?

A

where girls briefly desire their father but realises she doesn’t have a penis so wishes to be a boy and have one

205
Q

how do girls overcome the Electra complex ?

A

by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby
- blames mother for castrated state so tension

206
Q

what is a strength to the psychosexual stages ?

A

supporting evidence by the case study ‘little Hans’
- as around ages 3-5 the boy developed a fear of castration

207
Q

what is a weakness for the psychosexual stages ?

A

lack of reliability as all the studies like little Hans has ethical issues and investigator/gender bias and lacks validity

208
Q

what is 2 strengths to the psychodynamic approach ?

A
  • ground breaking that our childhood experiences can affect our lives
  • Freud was first to stress the importance of psychological factors causing abnormal behaviour
209
Q

what is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach ?

A

that is is largely unfalsifiable

210
Q

what are the 4 approaches to the humanistic approach ?

A
  • every individual in unique
  • free will
  • holism
  • the scientific method is not a good way to measure behaviour
211
Q
A

psychology (12 decks)

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